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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> et al., 2008). On the other hand, the projected greater potential evapotranspiration, along with increasing population and the preference for groundwater rather than likely contaminated surface water, will induce greater water demand in the dry season. In addition to flood and drought, the sea level rise is observed as a consequence of global warming in the coastal zone. The Initial National Communication (Ministry of Environment, 2002) projects that a sea level rise by one meter would submerge approximately 56% of the low-lying city of Koh Kong. In addition, one-meter sea level rise would also submerge the total area of about 44km2 permanently. Of the 44 km2 affected, 7.7% and 6.8% would be shrimp farm and grassland respectively. Hence, together with a changing climate, sea level rise would have negative impacts on socio-economic activities of coastal communities such as fisheries, tourism and agriculture. Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Water Sector The National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) demonstrates the provinces that are highly affected by flooding and drought. The former are Kampong Cham, Prey Veng, Takeo, Kampong Thom and Battambang. The latter are Prey Veng, Battambang and Banteay Meanchey (Ministry of Environment, 2006). The level of vulnerability to flood and drought by province are shown in Figure 40 and Figure 41. and collaborative institutional set-up, including development of computer-based information systems covering the results of surveys, assessments and observations in order to minimize the impact of sea level rise and establishment of cooperation frameworks, training, technology transfer in case of sea level rise (Ministry of Environment, 2002). Responding to some of the adaptation options recommended by the NAPA and Initial National Communication, the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM) and the UNDP have implemented activities to sustain water supplies through drought management planning, early warning system for floodplain, enhanced irrigation technologies and institutional reforms on integrated water resource management (UNDP, 2009 cited in Solar, 2009). Moreover, in order to mitigate Figure 40: Level of vulnerability to flood by province (Cambodian Climate Change Office, 2005 cited in Ministry of Environment, 2006) The NAPA also identifies several prioritised activities for climate change adaptation in the water sector, including improvement of rainwater harvesting facilities at villages as well as the design of reservoirs and irrigation channnels (Ministry of Environment, 2006). Specifically for the coastal zones, the NAPA suggests several adaptation options such as rehabilitation of multiple-use canals (Banteay Meas district, Kampot province) and coastal protection infrastructure and community-based mangrove restoration and agricultural soil conservation (Srae Ambel district, Koh Kong province). Prior to the NAPA, the adaptation options to respond to sea level rise on the coastal zone were identified by the Initial National Communication. These are more focused on information and knowledge sharing vulnerability to natural disasters in coastal areas, integrated coastal management as well as ecosystembased approaches to fisheries have been carried out, including prevention of saltwater intrusion to drinking water sources while maintaining fish protein sources (GEF, 2009 cited in Solar, 2009). However, the case study on drought management in Cambodia done by Kyoto Univeristy presents that dought management preparedness and responses from government agencies does not seem to be well developed in the Svay Rieng province despite the regular occurance of drought in the area (MRC, 2009d). Although planned options for adapting to drought such as digging wells and providing pumps and better crop seeds are planned by government and some NGOs, no substantial invetiments in 110
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change drought-mitigation programmes are found in the study area. Indeed, many of above-mentioned adaptation measures are still in the stage of capacity development, including training of ‘adaptation experts’ among agricultural extension teams, pilot projects implementation in local communities, promotion of rainwater harvesting techniques, enhancement of measures to decrease soil erosion and preserve genetic diversity in rice agriculture, design modification of reservoirs and irrigation channels to prevent risks from increased peak flows, and dissemination of lessons learned to national and international levels (Solar, 2009). A key tool for this process of capacity development is a training manual developed by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, the Stockholm Environment Institute Figure 41: Level of vulnerability to drought by province (Cambodian Climate Change Office, 2005 cited in Ministry of Environment, 2006) The latter activity, an assessment on climate change impacts on the water sector, has been implemented with a focus on the lower Mekong basin including Cambodia by TKK and SEA START RC (2009). Their field studies identify key issues related to adaptive capacity and suggest relevant adaptation strategies. Although local residents are well adapted to enormous seasonal variation of the Tônlé Sap’s waters level and flow, their adaptive capacity towards unusual water regimes such as extensively high floods or sudden storms is relatively constrained. In particular, that of the poorest groups is highly limited, since their low living standards and asset-base already worsen their vulnerability to unexpected climatic conditions. Based on the study results, it is recommended to increase the general standard of living and the prerequisites to maintain a productive livelihood. For example, involvement in secondary and multiple livelihoods such as raising livestock and diversifying crop options have allowed them to increase their asset’s base and, as a result, their resilience to possible climate changes (TKK and SEA START RC, 2009). and the United Nations Institute For Training and Research that guides and enables trainers to strengthen the capacity of participants engaged in the UNFCCC process, particularly in the domain of vulnerability and adaptation. Moreover, capacity building for development of information systems is also promoted by the Department of Meteorology (DoM), in collaboration with the National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, with focused areas of data colletion and observation related to weather and climate (Solar, 2009). The collaboration further has extended into active engagement in formulating pilot adaptation models that integrate local development processes, and also in joint assessment of climate change impacts on the water resources in the Mekong Delta and Tônlé Sap (MoWRAM, 2008 cited in Solar, 2009). Gaps Identified in Programmes and Studies Several gaps related to climate change and the water sector are identified at the workshop on “water and climate change in Cambodia” which was co-organised in Phnom Penh in February 2009 by Helsinki University of Technology, SEA START Regional Center and Royal University of Phnom Penh. These include uncertainty on the existing estimates on climate change impacts as well as lack of understanding on the changing factors including non-environmental contexts that affect the Tônlé Sap flood pulse system in different timescales (TKK, SEA START RC and RUPP, 2009). These gaps are summarised as follow: Uncertainty related to the existing estimates on climate change impacts remains still high owning to complexity of climatic-water systems and the long-term perspective reflected in the estimates. Hence, it is necessary to compare the findings from different estimates and to consider these estimates as one possible projection. Of another importance is to view the long-term climate change separately from 111
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RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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DPA DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACTI
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NSCCC NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE O
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FIGURE 19: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Sout
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put in place management systems for
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There are several good initiatives
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Conclusion This study takes precede
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Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Nee
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Lao PDR has a tropical climate domi
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Viet Nam has a tropical monsoon cli
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Secretariat AdaptationKnowledgePlat
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