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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> country’s poverty shows that 5.1% of households are living below the poverty line in 2002. The adult literacy rate was 92% in 2008. In the UN Human Development Index, Malaysia ranks 66th out of in total 182 countries in 2009. Regarding the economic activity, out of the total US$ 186,720 million GDP in 2007, 10% was provided through the agricultural sector, 48% through the industrial sector, and 42% through the service sector. Climate Risk Situation Current Climatic Conditions The general characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall. Seasonal variations in climate are more evidently marked by rainfall patterns; the north-eastern monsoon is dominant from November to March, bringing moisture and more rain, and between June and September, the south-western monsoon winds blow. The seasonal variation of rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia is of three main types depending of the area: east coast states, southwest coastal area and the rest of the Peninsula. The three areas concur on having June and July as the driest months, while there are more differences in the wet months. October and November register high rainfall for all areas; April and May also do with the exception of the east coast states. The seasonal variation of rainfall on the states located in Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), the high variations among their territory make difficult to establish a common pattern. More than 3550 mm of rainfall a year is recorded in the Figure 51: Location map of Malaysia (Undata, 2009) lowlands. As for temperature distribution, although the annual variation of the daily mean temperature may be small (about 2°C to 3°C) the diurnal variation may be as large as 12°C. Mean temperature in the lowlands ranges between 26°C and 28°C (MMD, 2009). Table 17 gives an overview on further natural disaster statistics. The five top natural disasters in Malaysia from 1980 to 2009 were all flood and storm events. Floods were among the most severe in the top 5, with 89% (see Figure 52), and when it comes to all the events of climatic disasters occurring between 1980 and 2009 (one drought, twenty nine flood, six storms, one tsunami and four wild fires), the flood are still the events that affected the highest number of people (90% of all people affected, see Figure 53), followed by storms with a 8%. Also floods were causing the highest economic damage followed by tsunami and wild fires (54%, 27% and 16% respectively, see Figure 54). Climate Projections Outputs generated by the AOGCMs, in the Scientific Report elaborated by the MMD, show that all the models projected an increase in temperature but the degree of increase varies from model to model: for Peninsular Malaysia is between 1.1°C and 3.6°C, for Sabah and Sarawak between 1.0°C and 3.5°C. The range of temperature increases at the end of the 21st century over the 3 domains. An ensemble mean of the entire nine AOGCM models indicate an increasing temperature trend for the 3 domains of 2.8°C for Peninsular Malaysia, and 2.6ºC for Sabah and Sarawak. As for the change in rainfall, there is Figure 52: Percentage of people affected due to top 5 natural disasters 1980-2009 Philippines • Storm 11% • Thailand • Malaysia Brunei Darussalam • • Singapore Flood 89% Indonesia • 140
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change no clear trend shown by all of the selected models due to the high variability in the precipitationmodulating factor. Based on the MMD’s surface observation stations data, annual rainfall change Table_17 Overview on natural disasters in Malaysia from 1980 to 2009 Top 5 Natural Disasters in Malaysia, 1980-2009 Type of natural disaster Date/year (percentage) for the periods 2000 - 2007 relative to the period 1990 – 1999, indicate that west coast of Peninsular Malaysia has an increase of 6 - 10 % in rainfall amount, whereas a decrease of 4 – 6% of rainfall amount over central No of people affected Pahang and coastal Kelantan. As for East Malaysia, Sarawak has an increase of 6 – 10 % in rainfall amount and Sabah has an increase of more than 10% (MMD, 2009). Also, more extreme hydrological conditions may be expected. Flood 11 Jan 2007 137533 Flood 19 Dec 2006 100000 Flood 12 Nov 1988 60000 Storm 6 Nov 2004 40000 Flood 23 Nov 2005 30000 Total Natural* Disasters in Malaysia for the period 1980-2009 Type of natural disaster Total no of events No of people affected Damage 000 US$ Drought 1 5000 No data Tsunami 1 5063 500000 Flood 29 535183 1012500 Storm 6 47949 53000 Wild Fire 4 6291 302000 Source: EM-DAT (2009): The OFDA /CRED; International Disaster Database; www.emdat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels, – Belgium. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION Water Sector Malaysia is located within the humid tropic and has abundant water resources. Total annual rainfall is 990 billion m3 while the annual surface runoff is approximately of 566 billion m3 – 147 billion m3 in Peninsular Malaysia, 113 billion m3 in Sabah, and 306 billion m3 in Sarawak. The groundwater recharge is estimated at 64 billion m3 annually, while the balance 360 billion m3 returns to the atmosphere via Figure 53: Percentage of people affected due to total natural disasters 1980-2009 Wildfire 0% Storm 8% Drought 1% Tsunami 1% Figure 54: Percentage of damage (US$) due to total natural disasters 1980-2009. * Not complete data available Drought 0% Wildfire 16% Flood 54% Tsunami 3% Flood 90% Storm 3% 141
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RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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DPA DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACTI
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NSCCC NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE O
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FIGURE 19: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Sout
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put in place management systems for
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There are several good initiatives
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Conclusion This study takes precede
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Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Nee
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Lao PDR has a tropical climate domi
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Viet Nam has a tropical monsoon cli
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