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FIGURE 46: PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO TOP 10 NATURAL DISASTERS 1900- 2010 FIGURE 47: PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO TOTAL NATURAL DISASTERS 1900- 2010 127 127 FIGURE 48: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US$) DUE TO TOTAL NATURAL DISASTERS 1900-2010 127 FIGURE 49: CYCLONE NARGIS VULNERABILITY ESTIMATES BY TOWNSHIP (CENTER FOR REFUGEE AND DISASTER RESPONSE, 2008) FIGURE 50: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL-LEVEL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN UNION OF MYANMAR (ADPC, 2009) 128 134 FIGURE 51: LOCATION MAP OF MALAYSIA (UNDATA, 2009) 140 FIGURE 52: PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO TOP 5 NATURAL DISASTERS 1980- 2009 FIGURE 53: PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED DUE TO TOTAL NATURAL DISASTERS 1980- 2009 140 141 FIGURE 54: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US$) DUE TO TOTAL NATURAL DISASTERS 1980-2009. 141 FIGURE 55: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL COORDINATION BODIES FACILITATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (NAVANN, 2009) 150 LIST OF TABLES TABLE_1 LAO PDR COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 14 TABLE_2 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN LAO PDR: 1980-2009 16 TABLE_3 VIET NAM COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 32 TABLE_4 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN VIET NAM: 1980-2009 34 TABLE_5 THE PHILIPPINES COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 53 TABLE_6 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM 1980 TO 2009 55 TABLE_7 INDONESIA COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 69 TABLE_8 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN INDONESIA FROM 1980 TO 2009 71 TABLE_9 ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE DISASTER RISK (EEPSEA, 2010) 83 TABLE_10 THAILAND COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 87 TABLE_11 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN THAILAND FROM 1980 TO 2009 88 TABLE_12 CAMBODIA COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 107 TABLE_13 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN CAMBODIA FROM 1980 TO 2009 108 TABLE_14 UNION OF MYANMAR COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 125 TABLE_15 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN UNION OF MYANMAR FROM 1900 TO 2010 126 TABLE_16 MALAYSIA COUNTRY PROFILE OVERVIEW 139 TABLE_17 OVERVIEW ON NATURAL DISASTERS IN MALAYSIA FROM 1980 TO 2009 141 vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION South-East Asia will be strongly affected by the impacts of climate change according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Paper VI entitled “Climate Change and Water” (IPCC, 2008). This is due to the fact that one of the most pressing environmental problems in this part of the world is the expansion of areas subjected to increasing water stress. In reference to the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), it is estimated that in the next forty years, the number of people that will experience severe water stress will increase between 4 and 5 times (Arnell, 2004). Monthly precipitations are expected to decrease in number but increase in intensity. Dry seasons are expected to be more in number and longer in duration. Thus, the risks of flooding in the wet season and water shortage in the dry season are also highly increasing. The general reduction of the rivers’ flow and the rise in sea level will provoke the intrusion of saltwater in estuaries and eventually cause a general deterioration of surface and ground water stocks. These phenomena will impact strongly in the Southeast Asian region, where 8 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Cambodia are given focus in this report. In these countries, the increasing water stress, the increasing intensity of precipitations and the consequent floods will provoke the general erosion of the land and, consequently, the general deterioration of land quality and productivity. These conditions, coupled with temperature changes and low water quality and availability impacts negatively on agriculture, in general, and livestock production and the aquaculture industry, in particular. It means that the vulnerability of the population will increase because the risks on water and food security are also increasing. Strategies need to be put in place in order for the general population to adapt to the changing physical and climatic conditions. And to enhance the resilience of the socio-economic systems in these countries, cooperation between local governments and international organizations is essential. This desktop study is conducted based on a stocktaking analysis provided by the Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia (Adaptation Knowledge Platform) in the ASEAN member countries indicated earlier. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the current state of adaptation, its status and possibilities, of the region. It also investigates how these ASEAN countries can learn from each other and from the scientific community, in order to define some adaptation strategies as possible next steps and priorities in the status of water and agriculture management from a socio-economic perspective. The aim of the Adaptation Knowledge Platform is to verify the state of knowledge in the different countries, identify the gaps and to try to fill them up. 1
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Page 5 and 6: RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Nee
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Boer, R. (2009). A model for assess
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Jose, A. M. and N. A. Cruz (1999).
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Ne Winn. (2007). The status of GHG
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12/23/2009 from http://www.phnompen
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Secretariat AdaptationKnowledgePlat
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