Desktop Study on - Regional Climate Change Adaptation ...

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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> flood). Using an alternative strategy, some farmers in the study carried out by START, have adapted to floods by accepting them as part of the ecosystem, adjusting their crop calendar, getting benefits from nutrients being deposited to enhance soil fertility and pollutants being washed from their farmland. In addition, use of alternate crops and seed varieties are also common adaptation measures of the farmer in the Mekong River delta in Viet Nam (Snidvongs, 2006). Some farmers are changing the variety of rice grown, both seasonally as a response to climate forecasts and semi-permanently, even though they are commercial farmers and grow rice to match market demand. The national government supports research and development of seed varieties and provides financial support for investment in farm sector infrastructure, but other measures by the national government reported by farmers are limited. In the Mekong River delta, farmers have some financial resources and benefits from a longer rainy season. The availability of short-cycle rice varieties that are suitable for growing on their farms and are accepted by the market also gives them greater flexibility to vary their rice cultivar and crop calendar, if the season is expected to be unusually short or dry. Choices of farmers are alternative cultivation practices to reduce the risk of damage or loss to the rice crop and investments to improve the productivity and resilience of their farms (Snidvongs, 2006). Action Plan Framework for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agriculture and Rural Development Sector The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) has developed an Action Plan Framework for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Agriculture and Rural Development Sector, period 2008-2020. Its general objective is to enhance the capacity of the Government about adaptation and mitigation to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change, focusing on security of city’s residents (especially at the Cuu Long river deltas and the central mountainous areas), food security, and the maintenance of infrastructure for disaster prevention. It also shows clear efforts to link the disaster management activities, which were mainly under the mandate of MARD, with climate change adaptation activities. It also describes seven specific objectives, which can be summarized to create policies to integrate climate change into development plans, define responsibilities, develop an Action Plan that support policies and human resources for implementing policies, strengthen research, impact projections and international cooperation (to get technical and financial assistance), and to enhance awareness. The Action Plan does not identify specific adaptation measures but contains main tasks to allow development of such measures as part of its implementation. The main tasks of the action plan are defined according to specific objectives, which are further broken down in detailed activities, role of implementing agencies, outputs and the implementing duration. The main tasks are to disseminate knowledge and experiences to achieve awareness of climate change impacts and greater knowledge of adaptation among government officials, staff and communities; develop human resources and studies to provide adaptation solutions, to include climate change issues in sectoral developing programs through policy systems; encourage international cooperation to seek funding, promoting relationships, mobilizing and using aid, etc.; and finally prioritizing activities for implementing adaptation and mitigation policies. Gaps Identified in Programs and Studies In order to improve the research capacities, a network focusing on agricultural issues is needed in the Southeast Asia Region. Also, more local research capacity needs are to be developed, forums to exchange research results and to develop further joint activities that may lead to further policy implementation (Snidvongs, 2006). Also improved tools and data are important for future study in climate change. Among various tools and data needed are high resolution climate scenarios, local ability to run climate model at high resolution, with ability to fine tune the simulation to match specific requirement of impact analysis in each area of study. It is considered important to improve knowledge transfer and capacity building; transfer in form of training to local researcher at least in the initial stage. The study on climate change and its impact as well as vulnerability and adaptation need to be conducted on many other systems and sectors in many other aspects to produce information that can support policy making. In order to do this, institution capacity as well as researchers still needs to be further developed and expanded. Finally, and referring to the scale, there are big differences between objectives and limiting factors, and the prevalence and effectiveness of different 40
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change measures in the different levels of implementation. The differences demonstrate the strong influence that the local context has on climate risk management. The measures that are used and their effectiveness are place and time specific, but all these actions are developed into what is done at community and national levels. Farmers and local level do not have a comprehensive evaluation of national policies and programs. At national level, measures, which farmers are aware, do not take part in the national strategy process for managing climate risks. The actions are not coordinated and typically are not designed specifically to combat climate risks. Also, investment costs and limited financial capacity of farmers to implement their measures to fight against climate change, limits wider use of these measures. Recent Projects in the Agriculture and Food Sector In addition to the efforts that the Government is doing, tasking the MARD and the MoNRE with the policies and programs to address climate change issues, NGOs, community groups and other civil society organizations are working directly with the grassroots level and play an important role for minimizing the negative impacts of climate change. In accordance with this, Sustainable Rural Development (SRD), a development agency supporting poor rural communities, is implementing projects focused in sustainable agriculture and livelihoods in mountainous areas affected by climate change, integrating climate concerns at the local level projects. SRD projects on rice seed conservation are the System of Rice Intensification, Participatory Land Use Management, and Integrated Pest Management; all have contributed to the adaptation of the rural communities to the risk of climate change and the minimization of the harmful effects (SRD, 2009). The World Bank’s matrix of climate change activities (World Bank, 2009b) also provides a list of projects related with the agricultural sector; some of these are: (i) The project Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) - Agriculture and Water sector study in Viet Nam, that has already been described in the water sector; (ii) Australia/AusAID is funding the project “Helping poor farmers in ricebased systems in the Mekong delta of Viet Nam adapt to climate change” which is being implemented by ACIAR and that supports targeted research and development collaboration between Viet Nam agencies, Australian organisations and international agricultural research centres to improve adaptation to climate change for small farmers in the Mekong Delta (World Bank, 2009b). Socio-Economic Sector Range of Studies Reviewed and Methods Applied A World Bank Policy Research Paper studied the consequences of a sea level rise of 1 - 5 meters on 84 developing countries, including Viet Nam. The method adopted included the use of GIS software, overlaid with spatially-disaggregated global data sets on land, population, agriculture, urban extent, GDP, and wetlands, obtained from various public sources such as the Center for Environmental Systems Research and the World Bank (Dasgupta et al., 2007). Chaudry and Ruysschaert (2007) edited the Human Development Report 2007/2008 and provided the most relevant study reviewed regarding the socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation strategies undertaken. Chaudry and Ruysschaert (2007) addressed the topic of climate change and human development in Viet Nam through studying existing reports and data from literature. The Viet Nam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS, 2007) constituted a national source of information regarding Viet Nam’s poverty conditions. The report used findings from literature research and analyzed data from the Viet Nam Household Living Standards Surveys in 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2004. Finally, a recently published report of Oxfam (2008) assessed the situation of the poor population and their adaptation strategies through a field study in the two provinces of Ben Tre and Quang Tri in May 2008. Socio-Economic Impacts Climate change is considered to be a `real threat´ to further pursuing socio-economic development of Viet Nam, in view of an increase in the variability in rainfall, higher temperatures and intensity of extreme weather events, and sea level rise (Dasgupta et al., 2007). For Viet Nam the consequences of sea level rise are `potentially catastrophic´(Dasgupta et al., 2007). Among the 84 studied developing countries, Viet Nam shows the highest percentage of the population that would be affected by a sea level rise of 1 meter, being 10.8%. With a projected sea level rise of 5 meters, the impacted population would even amount to 35%. A sea level rise of 1 meter is expected to reduce Viet Nam’s GDP by approximately 10% (35% in the case of 5 meter), impact the urban extent by 41
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