Desktop Study on - Regional Climate Change Adaptation ...

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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Provincial, Municipal and Barangay (village) Disaster Coordinating Councils (DCCs) (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, 2003, Rincón and Virtucio, Jr, 2008). The NDCCs’ organizational network is illustrated in Figure 21. The Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils (RDCCs) facilitates activities of national government agencies at the regional level. RDCCs do not have their own budget and can operate only through mutual coordination of the member agencies such as the Philippine National Police and the Metro Manila Development Agency. The RDCCs’ activities include establishment of a Regional Disaster Operations Center, Implementation of guidelines within the regions set by the NDCC, and provision of advice to local-level disaster coordinating councils on disaster management. The local-level disaster coordinating councils are expected to carry out all the necessary activities at the respective levels, namely, provincial, city/municipal and barangay system levels. Gaps Identified World Bank’s study (2005) highlights that institutional setup in disaster management systems in the Philippines tend to focus on a reactive and post-disaster relief approach and short-term preparedness. To avoid disaster-prone conditions, it is imperative to take a proactive approach such as integration of the threat of natural hazards into the development of long-term sustainable development and adequate land-use planning and construction. The shortcomings of proactive approach are associated with a lack of a national framework for comprehensive disaster risk management as policy support. The study defined key areas that have to be addressed for an integrated risk management within the necessary steps of risk identification, risk reduction, and risk sharing and financing (World Bank, 2005). Further, the study suggested that such institutional changes would need to be accompanied by coordinating and implementing agencies, working in a participatory, instead of top-down approach. The participation of all stakeholders in a bottomup approach will help to improve the resilience of the most vulnerable communities. Further, the study emphasized that since the Philippines still tends to rely on centralized top-down systems, local government units need to be encouraged to undertake respective bottom-up initiatives. Recent Projects UNDP, FAO, WHO, UN-Habitat, UNICEF, ILO, and UNFPA are implementing the three-year joint program (2007-2009) to strengthen the country’s institutional capacity to adapt to climate change, in collaboration with UNEP, the Interagency Committee on Climate Change, donors and other partners working in the most disaster prone eastern seaboard. The program aims to achieve three outcomes in the areas of policy/planning/programming; capacity development of concerned national government institutions and local governments and local higher educational institutions; and capacity development of communities to develop demonstrable climate change adaptation measures. Specifically, three outcomes are climate risk reduction mainstreamed into key national and selected local development plans and processes; enhanced national and local capacity to develop, manage and administer projects addressing climate change risks; and coping mechanisms improved through pilot adaptation projects. FAO has launched a two-year capacity building project at the community-level with a focus on the agricultural sector in January 2009. The project objective is to develop the capacity of the selected communities in the Bicol region to better prepare against natural disasters such as typhoons, floods and drought for improved livelihood and food security. In particular, it assists the small farmers, fisher folks and livestock raisers in enhancing the capacity to plan their production and marketing in accordance with the climatic, market and financial risks. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED KEY GAPS, CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES Research Gaps There have not been much research focus on the large scale structural causes of vulnerability such as poverty, inequity, institutional and economic barriers to development that undermine the enhancement of the ability of the farmers to cope with floods and water shortages. As indicated in the study of the Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed (PCW), an ideal program for reducing the vulnerability of farmers, the most affected from climate change, should address structural improvement, such as the ability to gain access to cheaper alternative water sources, to engage in alternative cropping systems for their livelihoods, and to set in place systematic mechanisms for providing the farmers with technical and logistical assistance particularly designed for 66
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change adoption of appropriate adaptation strategies. In order to increase the ability of the farmers to access and adopt alternative adaptation practices, it is necessary to conduct scientific research on socioeconomic, political and institutional structure in which the most vulnerable are placed. In addition, cost-benefit analysis of potential adaptation strategies needs to be implemented for strengthening the adaptive capacity of stakeholders. As described in the study of PCW, the challenge is to make all the stakeholders agree on the real risks related to climate change and steps necessary to reduce them. In order to enhance the capacity of facilitation and decision-making between and among the stakeholders, it is recommended that scientific research be focused on priority-based interests and the cost involved that needs to be borne by the stakeholders, once the strategy is implemented. Scientific research conducted by Lansigan (2000) and IRRI (2009) highlights importance of understanding of changing environments between and within human and natural systems. The assessment on vulnerability of crops and crop production system is inevitable for building adaptation strategies of the agriculture sector. However, the scientific insight into vulnerability of people and local communities needs more attention since it is the farmers and farming communities that implement adaptation practices to reduce vulnerability of crops. The poor communities vulnerable to the changing socio-economic, political and institutional systems may maintain to plant crops vulnerable to climate variability due to the lack of access to new rice species. Increasing rice production in areas that are highly vulnerable to climate variability through planting genetically modified rice varieties is introduced as an adaptation measure in the IRRI research (2009). This scientific approach could result in enhancement of efficient use of natural resources. However, it does not necessarily ensure food security for the poor in local communities that are vulnerable to climate change, since decisions on whether the high yield of rice produced is distributed to the people in food insecurity or not is beyond the technological field. Rather, it is the scientific research with a focus on socio-political and institutional processes that affect decision-making. Governance Gaps The climate change adaptation strategies recommended by the two studies of Lansigan (2000) and IRRI (2009) are built on top-down decision making and information dissemination processes. These strategies have been developed without reflecting on traditional knowledge system or existing community-based adaptation practices or having multi-stakeholder consultation on opportunities and threats of introducing genetically modified rice seeds that farmers would come across. Hence, inclusive governance, in which different groups of stakeholders, including socially, economically and politically vulnerable people, participate in planning and decision-making processes, is of high importance. Capacity Gaps There is lack of bottom-up assessment and planning to address vulnerability and enhanced adaptive livelihood at the local and national level. Also, it is necessary to consider participatory action research engaging the different stakeholders to be pursued to minimize vulnerability of the poor and enhanced adaptive capacity at the local level. Water sector There is a need to integrate climate and human induced risks in watershed planning and management in consultation with the local communities. Further, it is necessary to highlight the demand and supply of water in building both socio-economic and institutional remedies. Agriculture and Food Security Sector It is required to conduct an assessment of socio-economic and political vulnerability of the farmers and enhance the adaptive capacity of the farmers to cope with floods and water shortages based on the vulnerability assessment. Disaster Risk Reduction The World Bank (2005) found that most of the costs arising from natural disasters are endured by individual households and the Philippine Government. In order to effectively relief the economic burden, alternate options for covering costs from disasters are considered that include a catastrophe insurance pool or contingent credit facilities. Also, for local government units, currently no incentive for taking proactive risk reduction steps exists, which must be changed with the introduction of strong fiscal incentives. This would also reduce the currently existing funding gap. 67
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RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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DPA DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACTI
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NSCCC NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE O
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FIGURE 19: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Sout
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put in place management systems for
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There are several good initiatives
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Conclusion This study takes precede
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Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Nee
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Lao PDR has a tropical climate domi
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Being heavily affected by the rainf
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Boer, R. (2009). A model for assess
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Jose, A. M. and N. A. Cruz (1999).
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Ne Winn. (2007). The status of GHG
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12/23/2009 from http://www.phnompen
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Secretariat AdaptationKnowledgePlat
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