Desktop Study on - Regional Climate Change Adaptation ...

<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong>
to water shortage due to growing population and
economic activities (Republic of Indonesia, 2007).
The water collection facilities such as reservoirs and
ponds provide water to only about 10% of the total
existing irrigated network area, and supply clean
water to 37% of the urban population but only to
8% of the rural population. Also, superficial water
resources are degraded through the reduction of
the quantity and quality of the river flow. This is
mainly caused by forest clearing, land management
practices that create downstream sedimentation,
and pollution caused from improper disposal of
industrial, domestic and agricultural waste as well
as mining (Republic of Indonesia, 2007).
As a measure to fulfil the water demand increase
from both human- and climate-induced water
shortage, the use of groundwater is suggested as one
adaptation option (Republic of Indonesia, 2007).
Groundwater resources, however, are particularly
shallow and are vulnerable in terms of quantity
and quality, especially in the dry season. Problems
related to the excessive extraction of ground water
- mainly due to industries – are land subsidence that
on the other hand increases the risk for flood and the
intrusion of salt water (Republic of Indonesia, 2007).
With regards to the sea level rise in Indonesia, there
is a concern that the sensitivity to the sea level rise
is likely to get higher in the areas whereby coastal
erosion cannot be minimised or stopped (Ministry of
Environment, 2007). Indeed, more than hundreds of
severely eroded coasts have been recently observed
in seventeen provinces (Subandono et al., 2001,
cited in Ministry of Environment, 2007). This coastal
erosion is, again, associated with changing socioeconomic
as well as ecological environments: the
interruption of the continuous along shore sand
transport by physical structures such as massive
jetties and harbour breakwaters (Reclamation of Bali
Airport, Pulau Baai harbour Breakwater), circulating
currents generated by seawalls, the decrease of
sediment from rivers caused by construction of
many dams or diversion channels in the upstream
regions (Krueng Aceh river mouth), coral or sand
mining (Tanjung Pasir Tangerang, west Java) and
deforestation of mangrove forests (East Lampung,
Northern Coast of Java).
Responding to these different types of causes on
water shortage, the Ministry of Environment (2007)
suggests reducing scientific uncertainties on the
expected impacts of climate change in Indonesia
through collect historical climate data and validating
all climatic models and techniques. In particular,
data collection of hydrological and meteorological
phenomena, including changes in river run off and
the water quality, is essential since the current and
projected impacts of climate change and climatic
variability are directly or indirectly associated with
the water sector. Also, the use of both satellite and
ground based observation for data collection is
important (ibid).
Agricultural and Food Security Sector
Range of Studies Reviewed and
Methods Applied
The PT. Pelangi Energi Abadi Citra Enviro (PEACE)
(2007), Republic of Indonesia (2007), UNDP
Indonesia (2007) and Amien and Runtunuwu (2008
cited in EEPSEA, 2008 and Pribadi, 2008) studied the
impact of adaptation to climate change concerning
the Indonesian agriculture.
Also, a project by the Asian Disaster Preparedness
Centre (ADPC) in collaboration and cooperation
with the Institute of Agriculture in Bogor, the District
Agriculture Office of Indramayu, the Directorate of
Plant Protection and the Bureau of Meteorology and
Geophysics was reviewed (Boer et al., 2006).
Keil et al. (2008) assessed the factors that determine
the resilience of farmers towards ENSO-related
drought with the help of a case study in Central
Sulawesi in Indonesia. The study was done at the
household level and used indicators for assessing
consumption expenditures and an index that
measured the households’ drought resilience,
including natural, economic and financial, human,
and social capital (Keil et al., 2008).
Impacts on the Agricultural and Food
Security Sector
The agricultural sector in Indonesia will have, to
certain degree, either a positive or negative impact
of climate change, depending on the climatic
conditions and geographical location (PEACE, 2007).
For example, solar radiation may be an advantage
while the rise in temperature is most likely to
be disadvantageous to the agricultural practices.
Particularly, crop acreage and productivity will be
affected by rising temperature, altered patterns
of rainfall and drought periods, changes in water
availability and hydrological systems as well as
increasing extreme climatic events are expected
to affect (Amien and Runtunuwu, 2008, cited in
EEPSEA, 2008).
Apart from various climatic conditions, climate
change impacts on the agricultural sector depend
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