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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON UNION OF MYANMAR In this section, country characteristics of Union of Myanmar are reviewed, including geographic attributes and social, economic and climatic conditions. An overview table on the country’s characteristics is given in Table 14. Geographic Attributes The Union of Myanmar is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia with a total area of 676,578 sq. km2. Of the total land area, approximately 50% are covered with forest. It borders India and Bangladesh in the west, China in the north and north east, and Lao PDR and Thailand in the east and southeast while it is faced with the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea in the west and the south (see Figure 44). Figure 44: Location map of Union of Myanmar (UNdata, 2010) Socio-Economic Status The projected population of Myanmar is 48 million in 2007, of which approximately 80 percent resided in rural areas and about 32% earned their life below poverty line (UNdata, 2009, CIA, 2009). The population growth rate of 2005-2010 is estimated to be 0.9 % per annum. The population density ranges from 595 persons per km2 in Yangon Division to 14 per km2 in Chin State (ADPC, 2009). 80% of the rural and urban population respectively had access to improved drinking water sources in 2006 (WHO and UNICEF, 2006). Figure 45: Countries most affected from extreme weather events 1990-2008 (Source: Germanwatch and Munich Re NatCatSERVICE® cited in Harmeling, 2009) India • • Bangladesh Myanmmar • China • Thailand • • Lao PDR 1. Bangladesh 2. Myanmar 3. Honduras 4. Viet Nam 5. Nicaragua 6. Haiti 7. India 8. Dominican Republic 9. Philippines 10. China 124
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change Regarding the economic activity, the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Myanmar amounted to US$ 18,510 million in 2007, of which 40.9 % were provided through the agricultural sector, 19.8% through the industrial sector, and 34.2% through the service sector (CIA, 2009). The GDP growth drastically fallen from 2.5% in 2007 to only 0.1 % in 2008 mainly as a consequence of the sever tropical cyclone Nargis striking the country. Climate Risks The climate profile of Myanmar including current and projected climate conditions are briefly explained as background information for addressing vulnerability and adaptation issues. Current Climatic Conditions Union of Myanmar has a characteristic of tropical climate with the rainy, winter and summer seasons. The rainy season starts with the southwest monsoon in mid-May, lasting till mid-October and followed by the winter season from mid-October to mid- February. Afterwards, the summer season continues till mid-May (ADPC, 2009). The average annual rainfall ranges from 4,000 to 5,600 mm in the coastal regions, while that of the Ayeyarwady Delta is approximately 3,300 mm (ibid). The central dry area, covering about 10% of the country’s total area, receives the rainfall between 600 and 1400 mm. The average temperature of the delta ranges from 22°C to 32°C, while it does between 20°C to 34°C in the central zone. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, increase in hot days and warm nights and decrease in cold days and nights were observed between 1961 and 1998 in South-East Asia (Manton et al., 2001, Cruz et al., 2006, Tran et al., 2005 cited in Parry et al., 2007). its extensive lowland areas, the country is highly exposed to cyclones. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, the total number of cyclones deriving from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea has decreased since 1970 but the intensity has increased (Lal, 2001 cited in Parry et al., 2007). Climate Projections One particular climate model with finer spatial scale predicts that Myanmar will become wetter by the end of the century with increased rainfall intensity Table_14 Union of Myanmar country profile overview Country level information ( UNdata, 2010, CIA, 2009, WHO/UNICEF, 2006) Surface area (km2) 676,578 Bordering countries Bangladesh, China, India, Lao PDR, Thailand Population, 2007 (Estimated) 48,798,000 Percentage of population, 2007 (%) in - rural areas - urban areas Population density, 2007 (persons/ km2) Population growth rate, 2005-2010 (% per annum) 68.1 31.9 72.1 0.9 Forest cover (% of total area) 49.0 Arable land (% of total area) 14.9 GDP, nominal, 2007 (million US$) 18,510 Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP, 2008 (%) Contribution of industrial sector to GDP, 2008 (%) 40.9 19.8 The natural disasters in the Union of Myanmar from the period of 1900 through 2010 are summarised in the Table 15, including the type of natural disasters, the total number of incidents and people affected, and economical damages generated by each incident. Being heavily affected by the rainfall, the country suffers from floods that regularly occur during June to August around the Ayeyarwady river basins. It is also vulnerable to other natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes, mainly due to its unique geographic and geologic location and geomorphology. Particularly with its long coastal line of about 1,930 km spreading through almost the entire east coast of the Bay of Bengal as well as Contribution of service sector to GDP, 2008 (%) Population below poverty line , 2004 (% of total population) Infant mortality rate, 2005-2010 (per 1 000 live births) Literacy rate, 2007 (% of total population over 15 that can read and write) Access to improved drinking water sources, 2004 (% of total population) in - rural areas - urban areas 39.2 32.7 66.0 89.9 80 80 125
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RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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DPA DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACTI
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NSCCC NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE O
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Sout
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There are several good initiatives
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Conclusion This study takes precede
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Lao PDR has a tropical climate domi
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Viet Nam has a tropical monsoon cli
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