MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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2000 6000 98 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MRCSP REGION EXPLANATION CONTOUR 1000 ft Index contours 250 ft contours Thickness in feet 6000 4000 5000 500 3000 1000 D A T A S I L U R I A N 2000 N T O U T C R O P 1000 3000 I E I C 4000 I N S U F F P R O J E C O R O U T D O 2000 V I C R C T L I A N O P I M I T 50 25 0 50 100 Miles ³ 50 25 0 50 100 150 Kilometers Figure A8-4.—Map showing the thickness of the Niagaran to Onondaga Limestone interval.
APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARA GROUP REEFS 99 SUITABILITY AS A CO 2 INJECTION TARGET OR SEAL UNIT The Niagaran/Lockport through Onondaga Interval is a major confining unit for CO 2 sequestration in the MRCSP study area. Because of the thickness and combination of lithologies, it should prove to be a very effective seal. The carbonates, in general, have very low porosity and permeability, except in certain units. Similarly, the great thicknesses of evaporites within this interval have low permeabilities that should provide an effective seal against migration of fluids away from lower intervals (such as the Lower Silurian Medina Group/”Clinton” Sandstone). However, Silurian and Middle Devonian dolomitized carbonates represent noteworthy potential sequestration targets in this interval because of significant porosity development within these units. Some oil and gas fields have produced from these dolostones, and some Class II injection wells utilize them. Sandstones in the Lower and Middle Devonian (Oriskany and Sylvania) could also be important sequestration targets. The organic-rich Mandata and Needmore shales might also have potential for sequestration, but this has yet to be determined. During the MRCSP Phase I study, five potential sequestration units from this overall interval, the Niagaran Reefs, Mandata Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Needmore Shale, and Sylvania Sandstone, were mapped separately, and each is discussed in more detail in other sections of this report. During the MRCSP Phase II investigation, we plan to devote additional study to the Lockport Dolomite and Bass Islands Dolomite, as both appear to have significant, if local, sequestration potential. The Lockport Dolomite has numerous stratigraphic and combination structural-stratigraphic traps developed in porous patch reef bioherms or skeletal sand shoals encased in impermeable argillaceous dolostone (Noger and others, 1996). Local traps also occur where porosity and permeability pinch out along the flanks of structures. Porosity development in the Lockport is controlled primarily by depositional facies and diagenetic history. Patch reef bioherms and sand shoals have average log-calculated porosities of 8 to 10 percent in producing oil and gas fields, with maximum porosities as high as 14 percent (Noger and others, 1996). In addition to moldic, vuggy, interparticle, and intercrystalline porosities, fracture porosity and permeability enhance production from producing fields, and should allow for maximum sequestration of miscible CO 2 fluids. Seals for trapping fluids within the formation are provided by internal impermeable mudstones and the overlying evaporites and carbonates of the Salina Group. Caverns within the Salina Group salt units in Michigan and Ohio may have potential for sequestration of CO 2. Such caverns are currently used for underground storage of natural gas liquids. In Ohio, underground storage of hydrocarbons in Salina salt deposits began in 1960. Thirty wells have been permitted for hydrocarbon storage since 1960, but only 11 wells have been used (Tomastik, 2001). Of these 11 wells, only two wells are currently operating. The main products stored in these wells are butane and propane. There are currently two active Salina Group salt mines in Cuyahoga and Lake Counties, Ohio (Figure A8-1) at depths of approximately 2,000 feet. Salt mines in Michigan and Ohio may also represent some sequestration potential, although most are not deep enough to achieve supercritical phase. Approximately 224 salt solution-mining wells have been drilled and completed in the Salina since the late 1890s in Ohio. Two facilities with 44 active wells remain open. Depths to the Salina Group salt beds in these wells range from 1,800 to 3,150 feet (Tomastik, 1997). In West Virginia, there are three solution mining areas: 1) on the Pleasants/Tyler County line; in southwestern Marshall County; and 3) in west-central Marshall County (Figure A8-1). Two of these are currently active (the northern most one in Marshall County is abandoned). Depths to the Salina range from 6,200 to 6,900 feet in these wells. One salt-solution well has been drilled in north-central Pennsylvania with the purpose of using it to store natural gas. However, solution mining of the salt cavity has not been accomplished to date because the project is currently tied up in litigation. However, the great thickness of bedded salt in north-central Pennsylvania, at depths greater than 7,500 feet, indicates the Salina Group could be a valuable injection target in this part of the MRCSP study area. The Upper Silurian Bass Islands Dolomite could also be useful for sequestering CO 2. Reservoir quality typically occurs where the dolostone is highly fractured, as in the “Bass Islands trend” of New York and Pennsylvania (Van Tyne, 1996b). Little is known about the specifics of porosity and permeability, other than gross generalizations about fracture porosity. One pool in Erie County, Pennsylvania provides most of the details on the “Bass Islands trend.” Porosity, as measured on geophysical logs, ranged from 2 to 15 percent, averaging 10 percent. Occasionally, however, the Bass Islands has potential reservoir quality outside of such fractured areas, as provided by anecdotal information. In the early 1980s, a disposal well in northwestern Pennsylvania was investigated for problems of leakage in the annulus. The disposal formation was Upper Cambrian sandstone (Rose Run), but the fluids were migrating uphole into the Bass Islands Dolomite where they spread out into the surrounding region through cavernous porosity within the dolostone. Disposal fluid was found five miles away, leaking through an old, unplugged well in Lake Erie. It is unfortunate that the Bass Islands in this area is very shallow (only 1,700 feet in the disposal well). However, investigation of the Bass Islands Dolomite at depths below 2,500 feet would prove valuable in looking for potential sequestration targets within the dolostone. 9. LOWER SILURIAN NIAGARA GROUP REEFS The Niagara Group (includes Lockport Dolomite) is early Silurian (Niagaran) in age and characterized by the development of individual “pinnacle” reefs and reef complexes along two linear trends, one in the northern part of the Michigan basin, the other along the southern part of the basin. Overall, the reef belt both contain pinnacle and barrier reef complexes, is mostly in the lower peninsula of Michigan but does extend into northeastern-most Illinois and northernmost Indiana and Ohio. Individual pinnacle reefs and reef complexes (averaging 50 to 400 acres in areal extent) are numerous, extending along linear belts approximately 6 to 15-miles wide in the northern reef belt and up to 20-miles wide in the southern part of the Michigan basin. Currently, there are approximately 800 pinnacle reefs and reef complexes (fields) identified in the northern trend with an additional 400 in the southern trend. Productive reef intervals range from approximately 50 to 700 feet in thickness. ORIGIN OF NAMES, TYPE SECTION, SIGNIFICANT EARLIER STUDIES ON THIS INTERVAL Hall (1840) named the Niagara for exposures in the Niagara Falls, New York region. There have been numerous studies discussing the various stratigraphic aspects of the Silurian reefs in the region (for examples, see Droste and Shaver, 1985; Shaver and Sunderman, 1989; Shaver, 1991, 1996). Likewise, there have been numerous
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
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OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
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CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
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CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
Page 57 and 58: 49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
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MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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