MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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60 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MRCSP REGION of western and central Pennsylvania is partly equivalent to the Copper Ridge part of the Knox Group to the west (Figure 5). ORIGIN OF NAMES, TYPE SECTION, SIGNIFICANT EARLIER STUDIES ON THIS INTERVAL Many of the stratigraphic names applied to this interval in the MRCSP study area were originally defined for units exposed at the surface outside of the region or in the Appalachian fold and thrust belts where these units come to the surface. For ease of presentation, the units are arranged alphabetically, followed by the reference for the original description, and the type locality. Conococheague Group (Limestone)—Stose (1908) for outcrops in Scotland, Pennsylvania. Conasauga Group (Shale, Dolomite, Limestone, or Formation)— Hayes and others (1891) for outcrops in a valley in northwestern Georgia. Copper Ridge Dolomite (Member)—Butts (1940) for outcrops near Thorn Hill, Tennessee Davis Formation—Bueler (1907) for outcrops on Davis Creek in St. Francois County, Missouri Eau Claire Formation—Wolcott (1914) for outcrops near Eau Claire, Wisconsin Elbrook Formation (Limestone or Dolomite)—Stose (1906) for a quarry in Franklin County, Pennsylvania Franconia Formation—Berkey (1897) for outcrops in Franconia, Chicago County, Minnesota Galesville Sandstone—Trowbridge and Atwater (1934) for outcrops in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin Gatesburg Formation—Butts (1918) for outcrops in Centre County, Pennsylvania Ironton Sandstone (Member)—Thwaites (1923) for outcrops near Ironton, Sauk County, Wisconsin Knox Group (Supergroup, Formation, or Dolomite)—Safford (1869) for outcrops in Knox County, Tennessee Maryville Limestone—Keith (1895) for outcrops in Blount County, Tennessee Maynardsville Limestone—Oder (1934) for outcrops in Union County, Tennessee Munising Group—Lane and Seaman (1907) for bluffs exposed in Munising, Michigan Nolichucky Shale—Keith (1896) for outcrops in Greene County, Tennessee Pleasant Hill Formation (Limestone)—Butts (1918) for outcrops in Blount County, Pennsylvania Potosi Dolomite—Winslow (1894) for outcrops near Potosi, Missouri Pumpkin Valley Shale—Rodgers and Kent (1948) for outcrops in Hawkins County, Tennessee Rogersville Shale—Campbell (1894) for outcrops in Hawkins County, Tennessee Rome Formation—Smith (1890) for outcrops in Rome, Georgia Rutledge Limestone (Dolomite)—Keith (1896) for outcrops in Grainger County, Tennessee Shady Dolomite—Keith (1903) for outcrops in Johnson County, Tennessee Tomstown Dolomite—Stose (1906) for outcrops in Franklin County, Pennsylvania Trempealeau Formation—proposed by E.O. Ulrich in Thwaites (1923) for outcrops in bluffs of the Mississippi River in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin Warrior Formation (Limestone)—Butts (1918) for exposures along Warrior Run in Blair County, and Warrior Creek in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania Waynesboro Formation—Stose (1906) for outcrops in Franklin County, Pennsylvania For more information concerning the history of stratigraphic nomenclature in this interval, and the correlation of rock units in statewide to semi-regional contexts, see Cohee, 1948; Fettke, 1948; Sloss and others, 1949, 1986; Freeman, 1953; McGuire and Howell, 1963; Catacosinos, 1973; Janssens, 1973; Rickard, 1973; Calvert, 1974; Wagner, 1976; Webb, 1980; Berg and others, 1986; Bricker and others, 1983; Patchen and others, 1985a; Rupp, 1991; Ryder, 1991, 1992a; Riley and others, 1993; Ryder and others, 1995, 1996; Harris and Baranoski, 1996; Catacosinos and others, 2001; and Harris and others, 2004. NATURE OF LOWER AND UPPER CONTACTS In the western portion of the MRCSP study area, where the Eau Claire Formation is present (western Ohio, central Kentucky, Indiana, and Michigan), the lower contact of the Basal Sandstones to top of Copper Ridge Interval is gradational and conformable. In the eastern portion of the MRCSP study area, above the Rome trough, and in areas south of the Rome trough, the Shady/Tomstown Dolomite overlies an older basal sandstone, and the contact is also mostly conformable (e.g., Ryder and others, 1996). In some areas, there may be a more abrupt change from the underlying basal sandstones to carbonates, rather than sandstone to shale to carbonate. In the central-eastern portion of the MRCSP study area (eastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania), the lower contact of this interval is variable, based on the available data. In many wells, the basal sandstone is absent, leaving the sandy dolomites of the Conasauga Group in direct contact with Precambrian basement. In other wells, there is a minimal thickness of the basal sand, which gradually becomes more dolomitic upwards towards the Conasauga Group. The stratigraphic relationships of these basal units is currently the focus of a separate study by the Ohio Geological Survey. In parts of Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia, and western Maryland, the basal sandstone is the Antietam, which is overlain by the Shady-Tomstown Dolomite. In these areas, the Antietam is gradational with a calcareous shale in the Shady-Tomstown, which is overlain by thinbedded carbonates (Brezinski, 1991). In northern Pennsylvania, the younger Potsdam Sandstone is the basal sandstone (Figure 5). In areas where the Potsdam Sandstone is the basal sand, it is conformably overlain by sandy limestones of the Warrior Formation. In at least one graben in northern Pennsylvania the Potsdam is overlain by argillaceous carbonates and/or sandstones at the base of the Warrior Formation (Ryder, 1992b). The upper contact of this interval (top of the Copper Ridge equivalents) is also variable across the MRCSP study area. In central and western Ohio, erosion on the regional Middle Ordovician Knox unconformity extends down into the Copper Ridge (Figure 5). Where this occurs, the Copper Ridge Dolomite is overlain unconformably by the Wells Creek Formation or, in some instances, the Black River Limestone. In the western Appalachian basin (eastern Ohio, northern Kentucky, western Pennsylvania, and western West Virginia), the upper contact of the Copper Ridge equivalents is defined at the base of the Rose Run Sandstone or the Upper Sandy member of the Gatesburg Formation (Figure 5). In southern Indiana, central Kentucky, and southwestern Ohio, the Rose Run is absent (see next interval for Rose Run distribution), and the Copper
APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP OF COPPER RIDGE INTERVAL 61 Ridge is directly overlain by dolomites of the Knox Group (Beekmantown Dolomite), making the contact very difficult to discern. The contact is also nearly indistinguishable in western Maryland, central Pennsylvania, and eastern West Virginia where limestones of the Conococheague (a Copper Ridge equivalent) are directly overlain by limestones of the Beekmantown Group (Figure 5). In the Michigan basin (also northwesternmost Ohio, northern Indiana, and Michigan), the contact between the Potosi Dolomite/Trempealeau Formation (a Copper Ridge equivalent) and sandy dolomites in the overlying Prairie du Chien Group is gradational and difficult to differentiate. LITHOLOGY Tomstown/Rome/Waynesboro/lower Conasauga Formations—The Shady or Tomstown Dolomite is a relatively consistent unit of limestone, shale, and dolomite (Ryder and others, 1996; 1997). In Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Shady-Tomstown consists of a calcareous shale grading upward into thin-bedded limestone, overlain by thick- to medium-bedded, dark gray, coarse-grained dolostone, and overlain by massive dolostone, and interbedded limestone and dolostone (Brezinski, 1991). The Rome and Warrior Formations unconformably overlie the Shady-Tomstown across much of the eastern MRCSP study area (Ryder and others, 1996, 1997). Both the Rome and Warrior are laterally and vertically heterogeneous in this area. The Rome Formation contains a complex sequence of shales, siltstones, sandstones, and carbonates that is divided into three units, in ascending order (Ryder, 1992b; Harris and others, 2004): 1) alternating thin shales and arkosic, very fine-grained to conglomeratic sandstones. Sandstones are most common toward the northern, fault-bounded margin of the trough as part of a thick, clastic wedge; 2) a more consistent, shale-dominated sequence; and 3) a 300-footthick carbonate-ramp sequence, which interdigitates and grows thinner above the clastic wedge along the northern margin of the trough (Ryder and others, 1997; Harris and others, 2004). East of the Rome trough, units above the Shady-Tomstown Dolomite are mapped as the Rome or Waynesboro Formation. The Waynesboro is differentiated from overlying and underlying units by the presence of red, dolomitic to anhydritic shales and can be divided in some areas into a lower red clastic interval (red to purple shale and sandstone), middle dolostone to impure limestone, and upper red shale (Ryder, 1991, 1992b; Kauffman, 1999). The Rome outside of the trough may also contains redbeds (Read, 1989a; Ryder, 1992b). In central and western Pennsylvania, the Waynesboro also contains coarse- to medium-grained sandstones (Kauffman, 1999). Above the Rome Formation, within the Rome trough, the Pumpkin Valley Shale is a gray shale and siltstone (Ryder, 1992b). The overlying Rutledge Limestone is dominated by micritic limestone with lesser amounts of sandy limestone and sandstone (Ryder, 1992b). The Rogersville Shale consists of silty red and green shales and micritic limestones, which grades north and westward into sandy shales of the Rome Formation (Ryder, 1992b; Ryder and others, 1996, 1997). The Maryville Limestone is a thick sequence of limestone and argillaceous limestone that interfingers to the south and east with the Elbrook/Honaker Dolomite. The Maryville may contain a 50- to 300-foot thick sandy interval in its lower half within the trough (Ryder and others, 1997). Eau Claire/Conosauga/Elbrook/Warrior Formations—In the western portion of the MRCSP study area (eastern Indiana and Michigan), the Eau Claire Formation (lower part of the Munising Group) conformably overlies the basal sandstone. The Eau Claire consists of dark gray, red, and green shales; dolomitic, feldspathic, and partly glauconitic siltstone; very fine-grained to fine-grained, well-sorted sandstone (often feldspathic and lithic); silty to sandy dolostone; and oolitic limestone (Shaver and others, 1986; Catacosinos and Daniels, 1991). Shales dominate the lower part of the unit above the underlying Mt. Simon Sandstone, and siltstones and silty dolostones and limestones dominate in the upper, coarseningupward part of the unit beneath the Galesville Sandstone or Davis Formation (Becker and others, 1978). Pore systems in the Eau Claire are poorly developed and often filled with diagenetic feldspar, clay minerals, dolomite and/or quartz cement . The Eau Claire Formation intertongues eastward in central Ohio with dolostone and dolomitic and feldspathic sandstones of the Conasauga Group. Bedding within the Conasauga sandstones ranges from thin to medium to massive, to interbedded with laminated and wispy, dark-gray shale. Bioturbation (including filled vertical burrows), graded bedding, and crossbedding are common. Dolostone are arenaceous and ranges from light- to medium-gray and pinkish gray in color, and from cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline to medium crystalline in texture. Minor beds and laminae of gray to black shale, frosted quartz grains, vugs filled with selenite and dolomite crystals, ooids, pelloids, disseminated pyrite, laminae and thin beds of glauconite, apatite, flat pebble conglomerate, rip-up clasts, mudcracks, and clay-rich paleosols() are also present. Eastward toward the Rome trough, the Conasauga Group is composed of multiple formations. The lower part of the Conasauga in this area is restricted to the Rome trough. The upper formations extend beyond the trough, either pinching out laterally away from the trough or merging with unnamed units in the Conasauga Formation. The Nolichucky Shale is a calcareous, olive-green to gray, silty shale and siltstone (Elton and Haney, 1974). The overlying Maynardsville Limestone is a micritic to coarse-grained limestone, transitional between the Nolichucky and the overlying carbonates of the Copper Ridge (Webb, 1980). The upper two thirds of the Maryville Limestone is equivalent to the Elbrook Formation or Dolomite farther east, beyond the southern and eastern limits of the Rome trough. The Elbrook consists of a lower limestone, a middle, oolitic dolostone, and in some areas, an upper sandy dolomitic limestone (Ryder, 1991; Ryder and others, 1992b, 1996, 1997). In Pennsylvania, the Pleasant Hill Limestone is a sandy limestone and calcareous shale grading upward into dark-gray limestone (Berg, 1981). The overlying Warrior Formation consists of oolitic limestone and silty to sandy dolostone (Ryder and others, 1992b; Kauffman, 1999). Where it is thick in the Rome trough of southwestern Pennsylvania, the Warrior may also include a thick sequence of dolomitic sandstone overlain by darkgray to black shale (Ryder, 1992a). In the subsurface of western Pennsylvania, the Pleasant Hill and Warrior limestones have been thoroughly dolomitized. This makes regional correlation difficult on the basis of drill cuttings or cores. However, the gamma-ray and density log signatures typically remain fairly constant despite the change in lithology, making correlation by geophysical logs the most preferred method. Upper Munising/Trempealeau/Potosi/Davis/Copper Ridge/Gatesburg/Conococheague Formations—In Michigan, the upper Munising Group consists of the Galesville Sandstone and Franconia Formation. The Galesville (previously Dresbach) consists of lightcolored, fine- to coarse-grained, dolomitic sandstones. The upper part of the unit is glauconitic (Catacosinos, 1973; Lilienthal, 1978) and the lower part of the unit contains well-sorted quartz arenites with thin interbeds of dolostone and green shale (Milstein, 1983). The Galesville grades upward into the Ironton Sandstone in northwestern Indiana with a similar distribution to the Galesville. The Ironton consists of sandy dolostone, white, medium- to coarse-
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
Page 21 and 22: GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
Page 35 and 36: OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
Page 41 and 42: CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
Page 53 and 54: CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
Page 57 and 58: 49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX A: CAMBRIAN BASAL SANDSTON
Page 67: APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
Page 71 and 72: APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
Page 87 and 88: N T R APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SIL
Page 89 and 90: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ST. P
Page 91 and 92: -6000 -8000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDO
Page 93 and 94: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 101 and 102: APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THROU
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Page 105 and 106: A APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THR
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARA
Page 109 and 110: -3000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN N
Page 111 and 112: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN MANDATA
Page 113 and 114: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY
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APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY
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APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SYLVANIA
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-2000 APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SY
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25 APPENDIX A: LOWER/MIDDLE DEVONIA
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APPENDIX A: DEVONIAN ORGANIC-RICH S
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( ( ( ( APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN C
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APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS
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APPENDIX A: LOWER CRETACEOUS WASTE
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 143 Sa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 145 an
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 147 lo
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 149 Pa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 151 Th
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