MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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64 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MRCSP REGION EXPLANATION -4000 Faults -5000 -6000 Structural Front Line -8000 5000 ft Index contours 1000 ft contours -10000 Mean sea elevation (feet) -1000 -15000 -4000 -2000 -1000 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000 -10000 -12000 A L F R O N T L I N E -1000 U R P R O J E C T L S T R U C T -10000 -12000 I M I T -5000 -6000 -7000 -10000 -12000 -14000 -3000 -4000 50 25 0 50 100 Miles ³ 50 25 0 50 100 150 Kilometers Figure A3-2.—Structure map drawn on the top of the Copper Ridge Dolomite.
APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN SANDSTONE 65 flat to sabkha conditions. The carbonate bank represented by these formations dipped seaward toward southeastern Virginia (southeast of the MRCSP study area) where these units are dominated by peritidal carbonates (Haynes, 1991). Eau Claire/Conosauga/Elbrook/Warrior Formations—Marine conditions continued in the units capping the trough fill. The marine shales of the Eau Claire Formation in the western part of the MRCSP study area represent the continuation of the Mt. Simon transgression (Driese and others, 1981). It bears repeating that this transgressive sequence is different from the transgressive sequence that includes the basal sands in the Rome trough and the basal sands east of the Rome trough. The Eau Claire and lateral units represent deposition following filling of the Rome trough. Across the MRCSP study area, there is a west to east transition in this sub-interval from shallow marine siliciclastics of the Eau Claire Formation; to mixed carbonates and clastics deposited in intra-shelf settings in the Conasauga; to peritidal carbonates of the Elbrook and Pleasant Hill Formations (Read, 1989a, 1989b). The latter carbonates are part of the persistent carbonate bank that existed on the eastern, passive margin of the craton during Cambrian and Early Ordovician time. Upper Munising/Trempealeau/Potosi/Davis/Copper Ridge/Gatesburg/Conococheague Formations—During this sub-interval, a regression caused progradation of peritidal carbonates across the entire MRCSP study area (Read, 1989a and 1989b). This regression may have been related to the cessation of extensional tectonics on the passive margin, and marks the Sauk II/Sauk III boundary (Glumac and Walker, 2000). The Copper Ridge and its equivalents were deposited in a variety of peritidal environments. To the east, the Conococheague was deposited as platform carbonates transitional to deeper basinal facies to the south and east (Demicco, 1985). Shallowing-upward cycles within the Conococheague record repeated facies successions from storm to subtidal algal reef to subtidal shoal to intertidal flat and, ultimately, to sabkha (Demicco, 1983). Sandstones in the lower part of the Concococheague and lateral equivalents may be related to detrital influx following the Sauk II/Sauk III sea-level fall (Marchefka and Glumac, 2002). More widespread sandstones in Michigan and parts of Indiana (Galesville and Ironton) were deposited as shallow marine shelf sands, which preceded the accumulation of peritidal carbonates in the Trempealeau Formation (Catacosinos and Daniels, 1991). SUITABILITY AS A CO 2 INJECTION TARGET OR SEAL UNIT Given the variability in the geology across the region, it is not surprising that the mineralogy of lithologies within the Basal Sandstone to top of Copper Ridge Interval in the MRCSP study area is quite variable. Much of the sandstone in the interval is composed of reworked, multicycle quartz similar to the underlying mineralogy of the basal sandstone. There are also significant amounts of detrital and diagenetic feldspars, as well as a variety of detrital and authigenic clay minerals present in some units. Additionally, there are numerous portions of the section that contain significant amounts of glauconite. The varied mineralogy complicates analyses of the interval because geophysical log responses are, in many cases, not representative of the actual porosity of the rocks. Microporosity in shales, and the complex mixing of carbonate and siliciclastic lithologies, complicate geophysical log responses in some areas and in some parts of the interval. These minerals make the assessment of porosity and, especially, permeability problematic. Core analyses from this interval on the Ohio platform indicate low permeability in the interbedded clastics and carbonates -, suggesting good to excellent reservoir seal/confining characteristics. Although the overall interval is mapped as a seal, there are units within the interval (especially in the east) that are possibilities for sequestration. These units themselves are confined by thick sections of shales or carbonates that would act as a seal. In northeastern Ohio, where limited porosity and permeability have been encountered, injection wells have been completed in the sandstones of the Conasauga Group. However, total cumulative injection volumes for these units are low when compared to Mt. Simon injection sites. In addition, multiple stratigraphic units had to be utilized at these sites to obtain the necessary injectivity. Geophysical log responses of a few well-developed dolomitic sandstone units within the Conasauga Group of eastern Ohio suggest potentially good to excellent injection reservoirs. Site-specific evaluation, coring, and core analysis would be necessary before using these sandstones as an injection target. These are possible targets for Phase II studies. Another potential sequestration target would be sandstones in the Rome Formation. These arkosic, marine sandstones may be as much as 500 feet thick (averaging approximately 250 feet). Limited oil and gas well drilling has encountered permeabilities as high as 177 md, with an average of 62 md, and with mean porosities of 12 percent (Harris and others, 2004). Because these are not regionally extensive units, they were not a focus of Phase I research, but they could be examined as part of the continuing geologic characterization in Phase II. Opportunities for structural closure exist within the fault-bound Rome trough, although reservoir heterogeneity may be common (Harris and Baranoski, 1996). The overlying shales of the Conasauga Group would form the seal on these potential reservoirs. Thick zones of vugular porosity have also been encountered in a number of scattered wells within the Copper Ridge Dolomite. Vuggy dolostones were used at the DuPont WAD Fee well in Louisville, Kentucky (just west of the MRCSP study area) for the disposal of industrial waste fluids, after a well in the Mt. Simon Sandstone encountered “tight” sandstones at that horizon. The interval of vuggy dolostone is sealed above by dense dolostones of the Copper Ridge. Coring of the potential reservoir and seal units within the Copper Ridge would be required to further evaluate their sequestration potential in this and other parts of the MRCSP study area. Where this unit is deep enough to keep the CO 2 in miscible form, analysis appears warranted for use as an injection target, especially as a backup or secondary target for deeper Mt. Simon wells. These are also potential targets for Phase II studies. 4. UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN SANDSTONE In Ohio and eastern Kentucky, the Cambrian-Ordovician Knox interval is subdivided, in ascending stratigraphic order, into the Copper Ridge Dolomite, Rose Run sandstone, and Beekmantown Dolomite. The Cambrian Rose Run sandstone is the only laterally persistent sandstone within the Knox Dolomite. This sandstone interval can be correlated in the subsurface from eastern Ohio, where it subcrops beneath the Knox unconformity (Figure A4-1), to eastern Kentucky, into western West Virginia (upper sandstone member of the Knox), Pennsylvania (Upper Sandy member of the Gatesburg Formation) (Figure 5), and extends into New York (partial equivalent of the Theresa Formation).
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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Page 21 and 22: GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
Page 35 and 36: OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
Page 41 and 42: CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
Page 53 and 54: CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
Page 57 and 58: 49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
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Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
Page 87 and 88: N T R APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SIL
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Page 91 and 92: -6000 -8000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDO
Page 93 and 94: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 101 and 102: APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THROU
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Page 105 and 106: A APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THR
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARA
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Page 111 and 112: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN MANDATA
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Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SYLVANIA
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-2000 APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SY
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25 APPENDIX A: LOWER/MIDDLE DEVONIA
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APPENDIX A: DEVONIAN ORGANIC-RICH S
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( ( ( ( APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN C
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APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS
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APPENDIX A: LOWER CRETACEOUS WASTE
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 143 Sa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 145 an
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 147 lo
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 149 Pa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 151 Th
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MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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