MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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86 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE <strong>MRCSP</strong> REGION ........................... F A C I E S C H A N ................ ............. .... G E . .............. ....... .. INDIAN CREEK POOL NATURAL CO 2 PRODUCTION EXPLANATION Gas Fields Oil Fields 20 10 0 20 40 60 Miles 20 10 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers ³ Figure A7-2.—Oil and gas fields producing from the Medina Group/“Clinton” Sandstone and Tuscarora Sandstone. The limit of production in Ohio delineates a facies change whereby these sands pinch-out and are replaced by the Cabot Head Shale and limestone of the Brassfield Formation.
APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA GROUP/“CLINTON” SANDSTONE 87 LITHOLOGY The Medina Group is composed of interbedded sandstones, siltstones, and shales, with some carbonates (Laughrey, 1984; Laughrey and Harper, 1986; McCormac and others, 1996). The sandstones of the Grimsby Formation are very fine- to medium-grained, monocrystalline, quartzose rocks, with subangular to subrounded grains, variable sorting, and thin, discontinuous, silty shale interbeds. These sandstones vary in color, from white to gray to red; hence, the reference to these units by drillers as “Red Clinton” and “White Clinton”, particularly in eastern Ohio (Figure A7-1). Cementing materials include secondary silica, evaporites, hematite, and carbonates (Piotrowski, 1981; McCormac and others, 1996). The Cabot Head Shale is a dark green to black, marine shale with thin, quartzose, siltstone and sandstone laminations that increase in number toward the top of the unit (Piotrowski, 1981; Laughrey, 1984). The Whirlpool Sandstone forms the basal unit of this sequence, and, in the greater part of the Appalachian basin, is composed of a white to light gray to red, fine- to very fine-grained quartzose sandstone that is moderately well sorted and has subangular to subrounded grains (Piotrowski, 1981; Brett and others 1995; McCormac and others, 1996). This basal unit becomes dolomitic in localized areas within the northwestern part of the basin (i.e., the Manitoulin Dolomite) (Laughrey, 1984; McCormac and others, 1996; Castle, 1998). DEPTH AND THICKNESS RANGES The Medina Group crops out at its type locality in New York; in central Pennsylvania, outcrops of the equivalent Tuscarora Sandstone are present. In the remainder of the Appalachian basin, however, the Medina and equivalent units remain in the subsurface. The depth to this reservoir ranges from less than 1,000 feet to 6,700 feet, with wells located offshore in central Lake Erie reporting depths of over 2,200 feet (McCormac and others, 1996). Figure A7-3 illustrates the structure of the Medina Group throughout the basin. Structure contours are given in subsea elevations using an interval of 500 feet. The structure on top of the Medina Group strikes northeast-southwest and dips toward the southeast at a rate of approximately 40 to 70 feet per mile, with more shallowly dipping strata toward the north and west. A low point (subsea elevation of -9,000 feet) exists in southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. East of this point, toward the Appalachian structural front, the Medina Group dips steeply to the northwest at rates of 70 to about 180 feet per mile. Figure A7-4 illustrates the thickness of this sequence across the basin using a contour interval of 50 feet. Gross thicknesses range from 0 feet in the northwestern portion of the basin to more than 700 feet in eastern West Virginia. These thicknesses are generally consistent with those previously published by McCormac and others (1996) and Laughrey and Harper (1986). The actual pay zones of the Medina Group (i.e., where reservoir porosity and permeability are favorable) comprise only a portion of these thicknesses, however. Pay zones range from 3 to 50 feet and average 23 feet in thickness (McCormac and others, 1996). The structure and thickness of the Medina Group and equivalent units, as presented in Figures A7-3 and A7-4, are consistent with the interpretation that during early Silurian time, an influx of siliciclastic material came from eroding Taconic highlands and an island arc located at the eastern edge of the Appalachian basin (i.e., central Pennsylvania and eastern West Virginia). These sediments were shed across the basin to create a clastic wedge that is thickest in the southeast and thins toward the northwest. The low area on the structure contour map (Figure A7-3) is indicative of the foreland basin that existed adjacent to the eroding highlands. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS/ PALEOGEOGRAPHY/TECTONISM The depositional history of the Medina Group dates back to the latter part of the Taconic orogeny in early Silurian time. During this period, clastic material eroded from both foreland fold-belt highlands adjacent to the eastern edge of the Appalachian basin and the plutonic igneous rocks of the island arc orogen (Laughrey, 1984; Laughrey and Harper, 1986; McCormac and others, 1996). The directions of sediment transport from these highlands were both parallel (i.e., northeast-southwest) and perpendicular (i.e., to the northwest) to the shoreline (Laughrey and Harper, 1986), which ran from northern Beaver County to central Warren County in Pennsylvania (Piotrowski, 1981). The Medina depositional system is that of a shelf/longshore-bar/tidal-flat/delta complex. The Whirlpool Sandstone is the basal transgressive unit of this system and is overlain by shelf muds and transitional silty sands of the Cabot Head Shale. These sediments were overlain by shoreface and nearshore sands of the lower Grimsby Sandstone, which grade into argillaceous sands at the top of this unit (Laughrey, 1984; Laughrey and Harper, 1986; McCormac and others, 1996). Laughrey (1984) divided the Medina Group’s depositional system into five facies: 1) tidal flat, tidal creek, and lagoonal sediments; 2) braided fluvial-channel sediments; 3) littoral deposits; 4) offshore bars; and 5) sublittoral sheet sands. Facies 1, 2, and 3 sediments comprise the Grimsby Sandstone, which was deposited in a complex deltaic to shallow marine environment. The deeper, offshore mud and sand bar deposits of Facies 4 were reworked by both storm and tidal currents to become transitional sandstones of the Cabot Head Shale. The Whirlpool Sandstone is included in Facies 5, which was formed in nearshore marine and fluvial, braided river environments in existence during the beginning of a marine transgression (Piotrowski, 1981; Laughrey, 1984; McCormac and others, 1996). STRUCTURE/TRAP TYPES Throughout the Appalachian basin, stratigraphic traps have been shown to control the occurrence of gas in the Medina Group, although in localized areas (e.g., Portage County, Ohio, and Mercer County, Pennsylvania), gas production may be enhanced by geologic structure (Piotrowski, 1981; Laughrey and Harper, 1986; McCormac and others, 1996). The overall heterogeneity of this reservoir is evidenced by the variety of mechanisms forming the stratigraphic traps, which include sandstone pinchouts, porosity changes, gaswater contacts, and diagenesis (Laughrey and Harper, 1986). SUITABILITY AS A CO 2 INJECTION TARGET OR SEAL UNIT The <strong>MRCSP</strong> considers the Medina Group/ “Clinton” sandstone as a sequestration target (Figure 5), particularly for its prevalence throughout the Appalachian basin as a reliable oil-and-gas-producing reservoir (Figure A7-2), its sandstone lithologies, and the presence of less permeable confining rocks above and below the sequence. However, several factors, including the variability in lithology, the “tight” nature of this reservoir (with respect to both porosity and permeability), and discontinuity of sandstone lenses in the northwestern portion of the basin, may limit the overall success of the Medina Group as a CO 2 sequestration target.
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
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OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
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CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
Page 43 and 44: CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
Page 53 and 54: CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
Page 57 and 58: 49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX A: CAMBRIAN BASAL SANDSTON
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
Page 87 and 88: N T R APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SIL
Page 89 and 90: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ST. P
Page 91 and 92: -6000 -8000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDO
Page 93: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 97 and 98: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 101 and 102: APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THROU
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Page 105 and 106: A APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THR
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARA
Page 109 and 110: -3000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN N
Page 111 and 112: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN MANDATA
Page 113 and 114: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY
Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SYLVANIA
Page 123 and 124: -2000 APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SY
Page 125 and 126: 25 APPENDIX A: LOWER/MIDDLE DEVONIA
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIX A: DEVONIAN ORGANIC-RICH S
Page 135 and 136: ( ( ( ( APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN C
Page 137 and 138: APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX A: LOWER CRETACEOUS WASTE
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APPENDIX A: LOWER CRETACEOUS WASTE
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 143 Sa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 145 an
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 147 lo
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 149 Pa
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APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 151 Th
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