MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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( ( 10 130 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MRCSP REGION EXPLANATION ( ( Thrust Fault 5 ft contours 15 Pennsylvanian Units Thickness in feet 30 0 5 0 5 20 10 5 25 30 25 ! !!! 20 !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S T R U C T U R A L F R O N T L I N E 5 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( PINE MOUNTAIN THRUST FAULT 30 15 0 30 60 Miles 30 15 0 30 60 90 Kilometers ³ Figure A15-3.—Map showing the net thickness of Pennsylvanian coals that are at least 500-feet deep and one-foot or greater in thickness.
APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN 131 zontally into the sides of hills. Although portions of these mines can reach depths of more than 2,000 feet beneath the surface, most are still above drainage, or above the level of the lowest streams in the area. For sequestration purposes, it may be important to delineate those coal beds that are below the lowest level of streams (called “below drainage”) to ensure the sequestered CO 2 gas will not leak to the surface through fractures or updip along bedding partings. Coal thickness data in each state were obtained mainly from deep diamond-drill core holes and density logs from oil and gas exploration wells on file at each state survey. Oil and gas data are particularly useful for the deeper parts of the basin, although only a fraction of the wells drilled have density logs through the Pennsylvanian strata because, in general, coal-bearing strata are cased-off prior to logging. The manner in which thickness data was compiled in each state varied also because the topography, geology, mining history, and available data were wide-ranging across the region. Data from Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia represent coal beds more than 500 feet beneath the present-day land surface. In eastern Ohio, this may also be close to the below-drainage depth because of minimal- to moderate-topographic relief in this area. In northern West Virginia, many of the oil and gas wells used were cased off to depths of more than 500 feet; so much of the thickness represented may also be below drainage. In Kentucky, data were only compiled for coal beds more than one-foot thick and more than 500 feet below drainage. Coal beds in Maryland occur only in two synclinal basins preserved (one isolated; see Figure A15-3) near the eastern edge of the Appalachian basin proper. Thus, coal thickness data are shown as individual data point values not connected to the main contoured net-coal map for the Appalachian basin. No data were compiled for southern West Virginia because that is an area of active mining, and it was felt the area should be restricted from consideration for sequestration in that state at this time. If these criteria were used also in Kentucky, no sequestration potential would exist in that state because areas of thickest coal at depth are also areas of mining at or near the surface. Likewise, parts of the thick, cumulative coal thickness in Ohio and Pennsylvania are areas of current near-surface mining. Hence, considering these multifaceted elements related to CO 2 sequestration into coal beds, further analysis, public discussion, and additional data collection and mapping will be required in Phase II of the MRCSP project. 16. PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN The Pennsylvanian Saginaw Formation is a coal-bearing interval that is restricted to the central part of the Michigan basin due to erosional truncation. Along with other Pennsylvanian strata in Michigan, the Saginaw is isolated from correlative coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian basin portion of the MRCSP study area. In general, the Saginaw Formation is equivalent to Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian (e.g., Pottsville and Allegheny formations) strata in adjacent basins. Although commercial coal production occurred in the Pennsylvanian “Coal Measures” of the central Michigan basin in the late 1800s and early 1900s (maximum production of over two million short tons in 1907), all coal beds in the basin are now considered noneconomic (Ells, 1979). Total current reserves are estimated at 126.5 short tons (Kalliokowski and Welch, 1976) in individual coal beds typically less than three feet thick and laterally discontinuous on a scale of hundreds to thousands of lateral feet (Kelly, 1936). Complete sections of Pennsylvanian rocks in Michigan do not exist as outcrops or in known diamond drill-hole cores. Stratigraphic relationships are mostly inferred from subsurface geophysical logs, well cuttings, drillers’ reports, and rare cores collected during drilling of oil, gas, and water wells (Vugrinovich, 1984). Small-scale, spatial,lateral and vertical lithologic variability characterizes Pennsylvanian strata in Michigan. Various stratigraphic nomenclature has been proposed for these strata; however, no scheme is universally accepted due to the paucity of data, lack of lateral continuity of most units, and complex facies relationships. Biostratigraphic data are limited for the Saginaw Formation. Age ranges for the unit indicate a late Morrowan (Early Pennsylvanian) through late Desmoinesian (Middle Pennsylvanian) age, with the majority of the Saginaw being Morrowan age (Arnold, 1949; Wanless and Shideler, 1975; Vugrinovich, 1984). However, recent palynological analysis indicates an Early Pennsylvanian, Atokan age for upper portions of the Saginaw (R.M. Ravn, pers. comm., 2005). The predominantly arenaceous facies of the Parma Sandstone is considered the basal formation of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem in the Michigan basin, although some workers included the Parma as the basal portion of the Saginaw Formation (Ells, 1979). Strata of the Saginaw Formation proper consist of heterolithic sandstones, shales, coals, and limestones with a regionally prominent limestone unit, the Verne Limestone Member, separating pre- and post-Verne cycles (Kelly, 1936). The overlying Grand River Formation is a laterally discontinuous, predominantly fine- to coarse-grained sandstone unit (Kelly, 1936). Wanless and Shideler (1975) subdivided the Pennsylvanian strata of the Michigan basin, in ascending order, into a sand-dominated basal “A” unit, a predominantly fine-grained shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, and coal-bearing “B” unit, and a predominantly sandy “C” unit, even though substantial lithologic variability occurs laterally in each of these units. Vugrinovich (1984) conducted an extensive subsurface investigation in a ten-county area of the central Michigan basin, and proposed an informal revision of Wanless and Shideler’s nomenclature. Recently, a regional hydrogeologic study by Westjohn and Weaver (1998) concluded that the “assignment of sandstones or other Pennsylvanian rocks to either the Saginaw Formation or the Grand River Formation is difficult, if not impossible, because there are no lithologic differences or stratigraphic horizons that mark a change from one formation to the other.” ORIGIN OF NAMES, TYPE SECTION, SIGNIFICANT EARLIER STUDIES ON THIS INTERVAL Lane (1902) named the Saginaw Formation for a series of Pennsylvanian-age sandstones, shales, coals, and limestones observed in drill holes for coal exploration in the central Michigan basin. Kelly (1936) provided more detailed descriptions of the Saginaw from very limited outcrop exposures along the Grand River in Eaton County, from coal mine shafts and pits in the Saginaw Valley, and from other areas of the central Michigan basin as well as. Kelly interpreted the complex lateral and vertical facies changes as indicators of small-scale spatial variations in local depositional environments that ranged from fresh water to brackish and marine, and concluded also that portions of the Saginaw were deposited as cyclothems. Ells and others (1964) and Ells (1979) presented the most accepted stratigraphic terminology and stratigraphic relationships for Pennsylvanian units. Shideler (1969) and Wanless and Shideler (1975) studied the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleo-
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
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OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
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CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
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CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
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REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
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49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
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APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
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APPENDIX A: CAMBRIAN BASAL SANDSTON
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APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
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APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
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APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
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