MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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106 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE <strong>MRCSP</strong> REGION T A L L I M I ( S U B C R O P ) N O T P R E S E N T 200 L I M 100 I T O F M A P P I N G O N 100 E R O S I 100 EXPLANATION faults 100 ft Index contours 30 15 0 30 60 Miles 30 15 0 30 60 90 Kilometers ³ 50 ft contours Thickness in feet 350 0 Figure A11-3.—Map showing the thickness of the Oriskany Sandstone.
APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY SANDSTONE 107 Pennsylvania to southeastern West Virginia) was derived from older sedimentary deposits to the southeast, in New York it was derived directly from crystalline rocks in the Adirondacks. Basan and others (1980) eventually showed that the Oriskany is very different in different areas. As a result, they suggested three possible source areas for the Oriskany: 1) the Adirondacks (as per Stow, 1938); 2) an emergent landmass on the southeastern margin of the basin; and 3) an emergent landmass in east-central Pennsylvania or New Jersey. The relative abundance of polycrystalline quartz in eastern Pennsylvania exposures, derived from a metamorphic source, provides evidence for this latter possible provenance. The depositional environments of the Oriskany are varied, but always fall within the broad category of shallow marine. Swartz (1913) proposed a high-energy beachface environment for the Oriskany in the Valley and Ridge province. Other authors have suggested nearshore, shallow water (Stow, 1938), tidal ridges and submarine dunes (Basan and others, 1980), shallow to deeper subtidal (Barrett and Isaacson, 1977), and marine shelf bar (Welsh, 1984; Bruner, 1988) environments (Figure A11-4). But, as Basan and others (1980) pointed out, even within a single outcrop or well location the Oriskany can represent one or more depositional environments. (i.e., westward and northward) to where the sandstone pinches out against overlying and underlying impermeable rocks (typically tight carbonates or shales), creating a stratigraphic trap (Opritza, 1996). Brine often is trapped between the actual sandstone pinchout and the zones or belts of gas production. Where the trapping mechanism is structural, from central-western Pennsylvania and West Virginia eastward, structural complexity increases from west to east. To the west and north, anticlinal structures with rifted cores originated through detachment in incompetent Silurian salt beds. Salt water typically occurs in the cores of these anticlines. To the east, multiple, east-dipping thrust sheets (duplexes), resulted from Alleghanian tectonic thrusting (Flaherty, 1996; Harper and Patchen, 1996). Combination traps occur in a narrow band across easternmost Ohio into western Pennsylvania and western West Virginia where moderate structures enhance trapping in updip porosity pinchout situations (Patchen and Harper, 1996). Figure A11-2 (see also Figure 6) shows the areas of structural complexity within the <strong>MRCSP</strong> study area. The few faults shown imply far more simplicity and generalization than actually occurs owing to the scale of the map. Studies of individual structures and gas fields indicate much more complexity than can be shown on a map at this scale. DEPTH AND THICKNESS RANGES The Oriskany crops out in central New York near its type locality, as well as within the complex fold belt of central Pennsylvania, western Maryland, northeastern West Virginia, and western Virginia. Based on drillers’ records, it ranges from approximately 1,200 feet deep along the shore of Lake Erie in northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania to more than 10,000 feet deep in Somerset County, Pennsylvania (Figure A11-2). Depths within the Appalachian Plateau vary greatly as a result of both a general regional southeastward dip and the occurrence of numerous anticlines paralleling the regional strike of the Valley and Ridge Province to the east. Figure A11-3 illustrates the thickness of the Oriskany Sandstone throughout the basin. Oriskany thicknesses vary within the Appalachian Plateau of eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and West Virginia from 0 to over 300 feet. Adjacent to pinchout areas such as the “Oriskany no-sand area” in northwestern Pennsylvanian and along the eastern pinchout in Ohio, the reservoir sandstone typically averages between 10 and 30 feet thick (Finn, 1949; Abel and Heyman, 1981, Opritza, 1996). At the pinchout, the sandstone forms a thin wedge between relatively impermeable Lower and Middle Devonian carbonates and shales. Thicker zones of Oriskany typically occur in the more structurally complex areas where thrusting and vertical repetition of beds causes apparent thicknesses much greater than 60 feet—even as much as 350 feet in western Maryland (Harper and Patchen, 1996; Patchen and Harper, 1996). The thicknesses shown in Figure A11-3 are comparable to those previously published by Diecchio and others (1983) for this unit in the northern portion of the Appalachian basin. TRAPS/STRUCTURE As a natural gas reservoir, the Oriskany is affected by three types of traps—stratigraphic (i.e., updip permeability pinchout) (Opritza, 1996), structural (Harper and Patchen, 1996), and combination stratigraphic and structural (Patchen and Harper, 1996). In the areas of pinchout (Figures A11-2 and A11-3), fluids migrated updip Figure A11-4.—Interpreted environments of deposition in the Oriskany Sandstone from a well in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Diagram based on gamma-ray log signature and core descriptions (modified from Welsh, 1984).
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Characterization of Geologic Seques
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ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
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CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
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CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
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1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
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INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
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GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
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OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
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CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
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CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
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REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
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49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
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APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
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APPENDIX A: CAMBRIAN BASAL SANDSTON
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Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
Page 87 and 88: N T R APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SIL
Page 89 and 90: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ST. P
Page 91 and 92: -6000 -8000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE ORDO
Page 93 and 94: APPENDIX A: LOWER SILURIAN MEDINA G
Page 101 and 102: APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THROU
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Page 105 and 106: A APPENDIX A: NIAGARAN/LOCKPORT THR
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN NIAGARA
Page 109 and 110: -3000 APPENDIX A: MIDDLE SILURIAN N
Page 111 and 112: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN MANDATA
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Page 119 and 120: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN ORISKANY
Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SYLVANIA
Page 123 and 124: -2000 APPENDIX A: LOWER DEVONIAN SY
Page 125 and 126: 25 APPENDIX A: LOWER/MIDDLE DEVONIA
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIX A: DEVONIAN ORGANIC-RICH S
Page 135 and 136: ( ( ( ( APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN C
Page 137 and 138: APPENDIX A: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL BEDS
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX A: LOWER CRETACEOUS WASTE
Page 151 and 152: APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 143 Sa
Page 153 and 154: APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 145 an
Page 155 and 156: APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 147 lo
Page 157 and 158: APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 149 Pa
Page 159 and 160: APPENDIX A: REFERENCES CITED 151 Th
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