MRCSP Phase I Geologic Characterization Report - Midwest ...

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32 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MRCSP REGION EXPLANATION Gas Storage Fields P R O J E C T L I M I T 50 25 0 50 100 150 Miles 50 25 0 50 100 150 200 Kilometers ³ Figure 20.—Location of gas storage fields in the MRCSP region.
CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY FOR THE MRCSP PROJECT 33 CO 2 -SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY FOR THE MRCSP PROJECT CO 2-STORAGE MECHANISMS IN GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS Carbon dioxide sequestration in geologic strata relies upon a number of different storage mechanisms that are based on sitespecific geologic conditions. Based on the geologic sequestration research conducted over the last decade by a number of researchers, these mechanisms are now fairly well described in published papers and proceedings of conferences such as the Greenhouse Gas Control Technology (GHGT) series organized by the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (see www.ieagreen.org.uk for conference proceedings information) or in the Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (e.g. Houghton and others, 1996; 2001). The commonly discussed storage mechanisms are volumetric storage, solubility storage, adsorption storage, and mineral storage. Volumetric storage refers to the amount of CO 2 that is retained in the pore space of a geologic unit, generally as a supercritical phase retained by structural or stratigraphic traps or by the overlying cap-rock layers. Solubility storage involves dissolution of a part or all of the CO 2 into the formation waters of the geologic unit. Adsorption storage involves the holding of CO 2 molecules onto the fracture faces and into the matrix of organic-rich rock units, such as coal or black shale. Mineral storage involves the chemical reaction of CO 2 with the minerals and brine in the geologic unit. Under appropriate conditions, some chemical reactions may form a solid precipitate, permanently binding the carbon to the geologic unit. Mineral storage is not investigated as part of this report because the complex nature of the reactions and the uncertainty in reaction rates makes it difficult to determine the storage volumes on a regional scale. In addition to the types of formations and storage mechanisms evaluated in this report, basalt layers and salt caverns are also potential repositories for CO 2-storage; however, due to the early state of research for these options, they were not evaluated at this time for MRCSP region. CO 2 PROPERTIES Before the description of the calculation methods used for CO 2- storage capacity determinations can begin, it is important to briefly review the physical properties of CO 2, since these physical properties affect how much CO 2 can be placed into storage. The phase behavior of CO 2 is well understood and can be found in general chemical references such as Lemmon and others (2003) or in literature on enhanced oil recovery (e.g., Jarrell and others, 2002). Carbon dioxide can exist as four different phases (Figure 21), as a solid, liquid, gas, or as a super-critical gas. The triple point for solid, liquid, and gas is at -69.826º F (-56.57º C) and 75.2020672 psia (0.5185 MPa). At temperatures greater than 87.8º F (31.1º C) and pressures greater than 1,071 psia (7.38 MPa), CO 2 is in a super-critical state, behaving similar to a gas by filling all available space, while having the density of a liquid. Using typical parameters for the MRCSP area, such as a geothermal gradient of 0.01º F/ft (0.0182º C/m), a surface temperature of 56º F (13.33º C), and a pressure gradient of 0.433 psia/ft (9,792.112 Pa/m), a line representing the typical pressures and temperatures with depth can be superimposed on the phase diagram (Figure 21). This line shows that at shallow depths (less than ~2,500 ft), CO 2 would be stored in a gaseous phase, while at deeper depths (greater than ~2,500 ft), most of the CO 2 will be in the super-critical gas phase, with some storage as a liquid. The recognition of the super-critical gas phase is important since, under most geologic storage scenarios being evaluated, CO 2-storage will occur as a super-critical gas. Figure 21.—CO 2 phase diagram. The triple point for CO 2 occurs at -69.826°F (-56.57°C) and 75.202 psia (0.518 MPa) (Lemmon and others, 2003). The super-critical gas phase occurs at 87.8°F (31.1°C) and 1,071 psia (7.38 MPa). The dashed line represents typical reservoir conditions in the MRCSP area.
Page 1 and 2: Characterization of Geologic Seques
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE MRCSP The Midwest Regiona
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS About the MRCSP ..........
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Figure A14-2.—Structure
Page 9 and 10: 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOLOGIC SEQU
Page 11 and 12: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 (a minimum
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION TO THE MRCSP REGION’
Page 21 and 22: GEOLOGIC MAPPING PROCEDURES, DATA S
Page 35 and 36: OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 27
Page 37 and 38: OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 29
Page 39: OIL, GAS, AND GAS STORAGE FIELDS 31
Page 43 and 44: CO 2-SEQUESTRATION STORAGE CAPACITY
Page 53 and 54: CONCLUSIONS AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT
Page 55 and 56: REFERENCES CITED 47 National Confer
Page 57 and 58: 49 APPENDIX A Geologic Summaries of
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX A: PRECAMBRIAN UNCONFORMIT
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX A: CAMBRIAN BASAL SANDSTON
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX A: BASAL SANDSTONES TO TOP
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX A: UPPER CAMBRIAN ROSE RUN
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX A: KNOX TO LOWER SILURIAN
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