National Microfinance Study of Sri Lanka: Survey of Practices and ...

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Displaced populations are dependent on food rations provided through the Government amounting to 11Kg. per/head - per month and cash assistance for resettlement. Household and other commodities are provided by aid agencies. Many of the displaced have been living in welfare centres for long periods of time, some people up to 12 years. Not including refugees, there are five main categories of persons that have been displaced, these are: Internally Displaced – those living in cleared and uncleared areas in welfare centres, or with friends or relatives. Locally Displaced – those within their home districts living in uncleared areas in welfare centres, or with friends or relatives. Returnees – those who have returned to their homes and are living in cleared and uncleared areas. Resettled IDPs - those who were in welfare centres and have now been resettled with their home districts in cleared and uncleared areas. Relocated IDPs – within cleared and uncleared areas not within their home districts. Table 47 Status of Internally Displaced Persons in Sri Lanka District No. of welfare centres persons in welfare centres persons outside welfare centres Total persons displaced Jaffna 59 6,767 258,433 265,200 Wanni 188 98,600 84,855 183,455 Eastern Province 26 9,513 4,653 14,166 Border Districts 168 56,935 38,753 95,688 Other Districts 20 1,772 7,037 12,352 Totals 461 173,587 393,731 570,861 Source: Commissioner General of Essential Services, Report on Issue of Dry Rations 01.05.99 ____________________________ At the district level, Mannar has the highest proportion of displaced people, equivalent to 53% of the population followed by Vavuniya that has 37% of its population displaced. In Vavuniya and Mannar there is a higher proportion of displaced people living in welfare centres, as opposed to staying with friends and family. In the Wanni area communities were continually displaced until the present Forward Defence Line (FDL) was established in mid 2000. This combined with multiple road blockades that reduced the food convoys and the dry rations, and the resulting increase in basic food prices has drastically increased the vulnerability of the population within the Wanni area.
Many displaced people are without capital assets and have lost access to their land and homes and are therefore very poor and extremely vulnerable. Aside from the displaced, there are others whose lives have been affected as a direct consequence of the conflict - such as war widows and landmine survivors. A recent study in Jaffna showed that there are more than 1,900 widows living in the Peninsula and it is further reported that the number of widows throughout the region (except the Wanni) is over 9,000 with many living in welfare centres. There are also host communities in so-called ‘border’ villages in the Puttalam, Mannar, and Anuradhapura districts that are adjacent to the conflict areas in the north and east. These communities, who have remained in place during the conflict and are affected in much the same manner as the IDPs continually face the threat of sporadic attacks and also require humanitarian and economic assistance. Consequently these communities have witnessed waves of mass displacements since the beginning of the conflict. These marginalized districts are at the periphery of the centralized administrative system and lack the basic infrastructure to cope with the massive influx of IDPs. Currently, there are around 95,600 IDPs in and around these districts. Some 56,900 persons are in welfare centres and 38,700 persons live with host families who have themselves become poverty stricken. It is without doubt that these people, who are directly affected by conflict, are to differing degrees traumatized by the loss of life home, assets, infrastructure and the reduced ability to enjoy a sustainable livelihood. Many of who are in need of physical and psychological counselling services. Livelihoods In terms of assistance, both GoSL grants and relief aid from international agencies are granted to groups of people for resettlement and relocation. The aim is to provide a settled home environment with services and utilities allowing families to resume economic activity. A large number of people amongst the displaced are well educated with a variety of skills. These include people who once owned and managed their own businesses and through displacement and the loss of productive assets have become the ‘entrepreneurial poor’. Microfinance is often used as a 'sustainable livelihood tool' to help rebuild the social, economic and political 'capital' of these communities (c.f. Carney, 1998; Scoones, 1998; UNDP 2001). Arguably the biggest factor is the loss of traditional employment, in that a large proportion of the displaced people in the North and East were farmers and fisherman. However, there are also significant numbers of agricultural labourers dependent upon seasonal employment. For these people to resume economic activity they usually need to receive vocational and skills training. Employment and self-employment in the agriculture sector has been depleted as a direct result of the conflict.
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National Microfinance Study of Sri
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(b) Lenders .......................
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Introduction into the pawning busin
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Microfinance Overview .............
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Savings ...........................
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List of Tables Table 1 Microfinance
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Table 70 Ratnapura District Microfi
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JBIC MFI MFN MIS MPCS MSME NCPPDP N
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Figure 1 Map of per Capita Value of
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Figure 3 Map of per Capita Value of
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Executive Summary This report provi
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Practitioner Microfinance Activity
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As a result the banks are moving aw
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The operating conditions of the con
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Donor Strategies There should be a
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Introduction to the Study The objec
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The survey does not claim to repres
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Introduction Socio-Economic Overvie
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These five years saw a spate of new
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The 'Economic Stream' Employment is
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Microfinance Clients and Beneficiar
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1. Funders of Microfinance in Sri L
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CIDA believes that microfinance act
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The Department For International De
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NOVIB Partnerships tend to be long
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HIVOS The HIVOS Desk concentrates o
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Over time SIDA noted that the loan
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Comment freely given from one of th
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the time period of the project, wit
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Only a very small part of the US 50
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The demand for loans from this fund
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Without permanent access to institu
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This broad strategy means that the
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Beneficiary targeting was generally
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The FCSs were developed the followi
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CARE's new strategy commits the org
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Each CBO determines the level of in
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The project’s overall approach re
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Figure 6 GTZ/JRP - Project Interact
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The Social Development Foundation F
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There are no sector-based quotas ap
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Over the past five years SCN has as
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UNDP in the North & East - The Jaff
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In December 2001 a new UNDP Program
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From previous experience and lesson
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World Vision Lanka WVL believes tha
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Membership Development 3500 3000 25
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Table 14 World Vision - Gramashakth
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ZOA works with community groups in
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At the village society and bank lev
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In Wayamba the sustainability of th
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Table 15 Badulla IRDP - Summary Dat
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DZPDP/WHRDA credit operations comme
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In the initial years they did not f
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Table 18 SPRDP- Loans 1993 to 1999
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(c)Lender-Practitioners The Central
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Society members have access to cred
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The RDBs were re-structured in 1998
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Table 25 Value of Loans Disbursed b
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The total savings and credit issued
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Table 29 Samurdhi - Loans by Distri
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In 1998 SEEDS converted to a separa
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Within the loans from SEEDS funds t
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The Arthacharya Foundation practice
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The program was assisted by some li
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However in general the majority of
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Table 33 Growth of MPCS CRBs -1990
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As at the end of December, 2000 a s
Page 138 and 139: Some 1,176 of the 1,476 Co-operativ
Page 140 and 141: A total of 74 NGOs were identified
Page 142 and 143: Finally only a small proportion of
Page 144 and 145: Table 38 TCCS Active Societies and
Page 146 and 147: District Unions - National Federati
Page 148 and 149: 4. Facilitators a) National Level F
Page 150 and 151: International Centre for the Traini
Page 152 and 153: Funder-Practitioner Microfinance Ac
Page 154 and 155: As practitioner experience increase
Page 156 and 157: Introduction and Approach The major
Page 158 and 159: State-Owned Banks The Bank of Ceylo
Page 160 and 161: Starting in 1994, the NCRCS is aime
Page 162 and 163: The Seylan Bank The Seylan Bank ent
Page 164 and 165: Figure 9 Linking of the RBIP Tools
Page 166 and 167: People's Fast reduces loan processi
Page 168 and 169: In addition, RBIP monitors the impl
Page 170 and 171: The Hatton National Bank Case Study
Page 172 and 173: Seylan Bank Case Study The Seylan B
Page 174 and 175: Until 1961 private pawnbrokers were
Page 176 and 177: Bank officials stated that PSC staf
Page 178 and 179: The urban PSCs have on average more
Page 180 and 181: The lack of flexibility has induced
Page 182 and 183: From the borrowers perspective not
Page 184 and 185: The Peoples Bank, on the other hand
Page 186 and 187: Introduction and Approach Internati
Page 190 and 191: Large tracts of land have become to
Page 192 and 193: Public markets, shops, guest houses
Page 194 and 195: The previous thriving local economy
Page 196 and 197: The Wanni Access to the area known
Page 198 and 199: Remembering that these intervention
Page 200 and 201: This type of situation is seen thro
Page 202 and 203: People IDPs in welfare centres, sho
Page 204 and 205: World Vision has been working in al
Page 206 and 207: small entrepreneurs have received t
Page 208 and 209: The exception to this is a governme
Page 210 and 211: There has been some continued acces
Page 212 and 213: Introduction and Approach A distric
Page 214 and 215: The MPCSs were equally disrupted an
Page 216 and 217: The main body of the survey is pres
Page 218 and 219: Local NGOs 11 NGOs were identified
Page 220 and 221: Local NGOs 1 NGO was identified in
Page 222 and 223: Local NGOs 1 NGO was identified in
Page 224 and 225: Local NGOs 2 NGOs were identified i
Page 226 and 227: Local NGOs No NGOs were identified
Page 228 and 229: Gampaha District Microfinance Overv
Page 230 and 231: Hambantota District Microfinance Ov
Page 232 and 233: Jaffna District Microfinance Overvi
Page 234 and 235: Staring in 1998 each DS received SL
Page 236 and 237: Local NGOs 7 NGOs were identified i
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Local NGOs 6 NGOs were identified i
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Matale District Microfinance Overvi
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Matara District Microfinance Overvi
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Moneragala District Microfinance Ov
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Nuwara Eliya District Microfinance
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Polonnaruwa District Microfinance O
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Puttalam District Microfinance Over
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Ratnapura District Microfinance Ove
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Trincomalee District Microfinance O
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Vavuniya district Microfinance Over
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The Wanni Area Microfinance Overvie
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Summary Microfinance Activity by Ac
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The NGO questionnaire survey identi
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World Vision Lanka works in 5 distr
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Given that these figures do not inc
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Overall, 13 of districts had levels
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Averages Value of Loans Table 78 Av
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Volume and Number of Loans The surv
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Findings The key and main findings
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Service Providers The service provi
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those incapacitated by conflict, wi
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Cultures of Dependency in Microfina
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Strategic Recommendations The key s
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Conclusion The study found that the
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Charitoneko, S. and D de Silva (200
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Remenyi, J (1991). Where Credit is
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Technical Appendix
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