National Microfinance Study of Sri Lanka: Survey of Practices and ...

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those incapacitated by conflict, widows, female-headed house holds and youth. The funding of microfinance has following main characteristics: There is less international funding of large-scale government microfinance programmes. Microfinance activities are funded for a range of different reasons including as a ‘membership’ tool to help foster community and civil society rehabilitation. One major funder of microfinance activity has changed from grant in aid funding to extending loans for direct financial instruments. One major funder of microfinance activity is working directly with a formal financial institution. Many funders are placing an increasing emphasis on ‘soft’ policy tools rather than ‘hard’ financial instruments. Funding in the North and East region is mainly directed at INGOs and NGOs whose main activity is not microfinance. Many funders lack ‘in-house’ microfinance expertise and are not familiar with ‘financial-systems’ approaches to microfinance. Most INGOs focus on ‘rapid-disbursement’ strategies and do not strategically leverage their resources leading to unnecessarily limited outreach, low field worker to client ratios and high transaction costs. Some of the international funders appear unable to identify the microfinance component of their intervention assistance. The transparency of some national and international funders is an issue. Many of the key funders of microfinance activities are in the process of major strategic reviews of their development briefs. 3. Practitioner Issues in Microfinance in Sri Lanka There are a number of key issues and themes that are central to the practice of microfinance in Sri Lanka:
Sustainability The long-term sustainability of present microfinance schemes is of the greatest concern in Sri Lanka at this time. Effective financial indicators and performance management systems are noticeable by their absence in the majority of microfinance schemes surveyed. Most schemes lack sufficient managerial expertise in microfinance. Most schemes do not use good and best practice standards of microfinance. Financial management systems on the whole are cumbersome and are incapable of ensuring effective performance management. Risk is rarely monitored nor provision made for insurance. The Politicisation of Microfinance Services Issues of ‘political capture’ of microfinance services in Sri Lanka is widespread, reaching through government managed programmes, the cooperative movement and the state controlled commercial banking sector. Many of the local NGOs are highly politicised especially in the North and East region of the country. Nepotism, overstaffing, ‘favouritism’ and the financing of politically favoured projects inhibits the development of viable and business like microfinance schemes – putting peoples savings at unnecessary risk. Debt forgiveness of mainly agricultural loans for political purposes skews the financial landscape and de-stabilizes service providers that supply microfinance services to the poor in Sri Lanka.
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National Microfinance Study of Sri
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(b) Lenders .......................
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Introduction into the pawning busin
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Microfinance Overview .............
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Savings ...........................
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List of Tables Table 1 Microfinance
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Table 70 Ratnapura District Microfi
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JBIC MFI MFN MIS MPCS MSME NCPPDP N
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Figure 1 Map of per Capita Value of
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Figure 3 Map of per Capita Value of
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Executive Summary This report provi
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Practitioner Microfinance Activity
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As a result the banks are moving aw
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The operating conditions of the con
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Donor Strategies There should be a
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Introduction to the Study The objec
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The survey does not claim to repres
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Introduction Socio-Economic Overvie
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These five years saw a spate of new
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The 'Economic Stream' Employment is
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Microfinance Clients and Beneficiar
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1. Funders of Microfinance in Sri L
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CIDA believes that microfinance act
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The Department For International De
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NOVIB Partnerships tend to be long
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HIVOS The HIVOS Desk concentrates o
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Over time SIDA noted that the loan
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Comment freely given from one of th
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the time period of the project, wit
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Only a very small part of the US 50
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The demand for loans from this fund
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Without permanent access to institu
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This broad strategy means that the
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Beneficiary targeting was generally
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The FCSs were developed the followi
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CARE's new strategy commits the org
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Each CBO determines the level of in
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The project’s overall approach re
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Figure 6 GTZ/JRP - Project Interact
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The Social Development Foundation F
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There are no sector-based quotas ap
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Over the past five years SCN has as
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UNDP in the North & East - The Jaff
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In December 2001 a new UNDP Program
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From previous experience and lesson
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World Vision Lanka WVL believes tha
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Membership Development 3500 3000 25
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Table 14 World Vision - Gramashakth
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ZOA works with community groups in
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At the village society and bank lev
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In Wayamba the sustainability of th
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Table 15 Badulla IRDP - Summary Dat
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DZPDP/WHRDA credit operations comme
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In the initial years they did not f
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Table 18 SPRDP- Loans 1993 to 1999
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(c)Lender-Practitioners The Central
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Society members have access to cred
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The RDBs were re-structured in 1998
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Table 25 Value of Loans Disbursed b
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The total savings and credit issued
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Table 29 Samurdhi - Loans by Distri
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In 1998 SEEDS converted to a separa
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Within the loans from SEEDS funds t
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The Arthacharya Foundation practice
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The program was assisted by some li
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However in general the majority of
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Table 33 Growth of MPCS CRBs -1990
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As at the end of December, 2000 a s
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Some 1,176 of the 1,476 Co-operativ
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A total of 74 NGOs were identified
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Finally only a small proportion of
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Table 38 TCCS Active Societies and
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District Unions - National Federati
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4. Facilitators a) National Level F
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International Centre for the Traini
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Funder-Practitioner Microfinance Ac
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As practitioner experience increase
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Introduction and Approach The major
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State-Owned Banks The Bank of Ceylo
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Starting in 1994, the NCRCS is aime
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The Seylan Bank The Seylan Bank ent
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Figure 9 Linking of the RBIP Tools
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People's Fast reduces loan processi
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In addition, RBIP monitors the impl
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The Hatton National Bank Case Study
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Seylan Bank Case Study The Seylan B
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Until 1961 private pawnbrokers were
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Bank officials stated that PSC staf
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The urban PSCs have on average more
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The lack of flexibility has induced
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From the borrowers perspective not
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The Peoples Bank, on the other hand
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Introduction and Approach Internati
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Displaced populations are dependent
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Large tracts of land have become to
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Public markets, shops, guest houses
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The previous thriving local economy
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The Wanni Access to the area known
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Remembering that these intervention
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This type of situation is seen thro
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People IDPs in welfare centres, sho
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World Vision has been working in al
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small entrepreneurs have received t
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The exception to this is a governme
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There has been some continued acces
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Introduction and Approach A distric
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The MPCSs were equally disrupted an
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The main body of the survey is pres
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Local NGOs 11 NGOs were identified
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Local NGOs 1 NGO was identified in
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Local NGOs 1 NGO was identified in
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Local NGOs 2 NGOs were identified i
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Local NGOs No NGOs were identified
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Gampaha District Microfinance Overv
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Hambantota District Microfinance Ov
Page 232 and 233: Jaffna District Microfinance Overvi
Page 234 and 235: Staring in 1998 each DS received SL
Page 236 and 237: Local NGOs 7 NGOs were identified i
Page 244 and 245: Matale District Microfinance Overvi
Page 246 and 247: Matara District Microfinance Overvi
Page 248 and 249: Moneragala District Microfinance Ov
Page 250 and 251: Nuwara Eliya District Microfinance
Page 252 and 253: Polonnaruwa District Microfinance O
Page 254 and 255: Puttalam District Microfinance Over
Page 256 and 257: Ratnapura District Microfinance Ove
Page 258 and 259: Trincomalee District Microfinance O
Page 260 and 261: Vavuniya district Microfinance Over
Page 262 and 263: The Wanni Area Microfinance Overvie
Page 264 and 265: Summary Microfinance Activity by Ac
Page 266 and 267: The NGO questionnaire survey identi
Page 268 and 269: World Vision Lanka works in 5 distr
Page 270 and 271: Given that these figures do not inc
Page 272 and 273: Overall, 13 of districts had levels
Page 274 and 275: Averages Value of Loans Table 78 Av
Page 276 and 277: Volume and Number of Loans The surv
Page 278 and 279: Findings The key and main findings
Page 280 and 281: Service Providers The service provi
Page 284 and 285: Cultures of Dependency in Microfina
Page 286 and 287: Strategic Recommendations The key s
Page 288 and 289: Conclusion The study found that the
Page 290 and 291: Charitoneko, S. and D de Silva (200
Page 292 and 293: Remenyi, J (1991). Where Credit is
Page 294: Technical Appendix
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