Work and Leisure

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Stress and working parents 149In the 500 Family Study, to the extent that it was possible, members of thesame family were put on identical signalling schedules. In response to thesignals, participants were asked to complete a self-report form in which theyanswered a number of open-ended and scaled questions about their location,activities, companions, and psychological states at the moment they weresignalled. A number of Likert and semantic-differential scales were used toassess participants’ psychological states. Trained coders, using detailedschemes, coded the open-ended responses. Inter-rater reliabilities on theESM coding ranged from 0.79 to 0.95. For a more detailed description ofthis methodology, as well as several descriptions of its validity and reliability,see Csikszentmihalyi and Larson (1987) and Csikszentmihalyi and Schneider(2000).Surveys and interviewsThe surveys were specifically designed to learn how working families arecoping with their lives. To gain information about work and family life, surveysadministered to parents and teenage children included demographicinformation as well as items pertaining to home, work, and school experiences,and views about self. The in-depth interviews explored many of thesurvey topics in greater detail, trying specifically to understand how familiescope with the stress and demands of two working parents with children underthe age of eighteen in the household. For this chapter, we specifically focuson the relationship between levels of stress and husbands’ and wives’ occupationalstatus, educational background, job type, attitudes toward work, jobsatisfaction, and marital satisfaction.ResultsExperiencing stressUsing ESM beep responses obtained over the course of a week, we computeda mean level of stress for each individual. In our first analysis, we examine therelationship between stress and other emotions, including relaxation, enjoyment,self-esteem, feeling good, feeling strong, feeling happy, and feelingexcited.As shown in Table 8.1, stress is negatively correlated with the positiveemotional states of happiness, enjoyment, and feeling good and strong. Thehighest negative relationship is found between stress and relaxation, whereasthe least negative correlation is found for excitement. These results seem validsince individuals who are stressed are likely to feel uncomfortably anxiouswith themselves. They are also likely to feel slightly excited, although wewould expect that higher levels of excitement would occur when they areengaged in activities that are more pleasurable. Finally, we find that stress is
150 Schneider, Ainbinder, CsikszentmihalyiTable 8.1 Correlations of stress and emotion aStress b Relax Enjoy Good Strong Happy Excited SelfesteemStress 1.00 -0.54** -0.35** -0.31** -0.25** -0.42** -0.11** -0.31**Relax 0.46** 0.40** 0.28** 0.48** 0.20** 0.38**Enjoy 0.48** 0.39** 0.56** 0.46** 0.48**Good 0.50** 0.54** 0.40** 0.79**Strong 0.63** 0.54** 0.53**Happy 0.53** 0.50**Excited 0.37**Self-esteem 1.00Notes: **p
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Work and LeisureHere is a book that
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First published 2004by Routledge27
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viContentsPART IIQuality of life an
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viiiIllustrations7.1 Time-use and p
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xNotes on contributorsArts, Manches
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PrefaceThe year 2000 was the twenty
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IntroductionJohn T. Haworth and A.
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Introduction 3this came more from w
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Introduction 5website www.positivep
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Introduction 7differences in men’
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Introduction 9Sampling Method, ques
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ReferencesIntroduction 11American P
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Chapter 1A brief history of work an
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Hunter-gatherer societiesHistory of
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History of work 19morality, involvi
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History of work 21on the same level
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History of work 23task-orientation
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History of work 25ResistanceChanges
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History of work 27In the 1930s, the
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History of work 29Figure 1.1 Estima
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History of work 31While industriali
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History of work 33Thompson, E. P. (
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The devil still makes work 35fundin
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The devil still makes work 37no dou
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The devil still makes work 39cushio
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The devil still makes work 41marria
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The devil still makes work 43differ
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The devil still makes work 45museum
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The devil still makes work 47distri
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The devil still makes work 49the pu
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Chapter 3Postmodern work and leisur
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Postmodern work and leisure 53in th
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Postmodern work and leisurePostmode
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Postmodern work and leisure 57servi
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The ‘Brazilianization thesis’:
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Postmodern work and leisure 61In te
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Postmodern work and leisure 63‘wi
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Postmodern work and leisure 65over-
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Chapter 4Gender, work and leisureJu
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Gender, work and leisure 69I believ
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Gender, work and leisure 71and they
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Gender, work and leisure 73the impa
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Gender, work and leisure 75worked l
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Gender, work and leisure 77Stanley
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Gender, work and leisure 79knowledg
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Gender, work and leisure 81leisure
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Gender, work and leisure 83Deem, R.
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Chapter 5The economics of workand l
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UK evidenceThe economics of work an
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The economics of work and leisure 8
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Page 114 and 115: Table 5.5 Hours worked, UK, USA, Ja
Page 116 and 117: The economics of work and leisure 1
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 6Looking backPerspectives o
Page 124 and 125: Perspectives on leisure-work relati
Page 126 and 127: Table 6.1 Wilensky and Parker: rela
Page 136: Part IIQuality of life and workand
Page 139 and 140: 124 Jiri Zuzanekthe association bet
Page 141 and 142: 126 Jiri ZuzanekWhat makes people f
Page 143 and 144: 128 Jiri ZuzanekTable 7.3 Feelings
Page 145 and 146: 130 Jiri ZuzanekChoice and control
Page 147 and 148: 132 Jiri ZuzanekTime pressure and p
Page 149 and 150: 134 Jiri Zuzanek1983). Similarly, i
Page 151 and 152: 136 Jiri ZuzanekIn general, the eff
Page 153 and 154: 138 Jiri Zuzanekbeneficial health e
Page 155 and 156: 140 Jiri Zuzanekdeterminants of hum
Page 157 and 158: 142 Jiri ZuzanekFrank, J. W. (1995)
Page 159 and 160: 144 Jiri ZuzanekZuzanek, J. and Bec
Page 161 and 162: 146 Schneider, Ainbinder, Csikszent
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Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.2 Time spent working at ho
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.4 Work and family
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.3 Experiences of stress whe
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.4 Social experiences of str
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 9Work, leisure and well-bei
Page 185 and 186: 170 John T. Haworthwe passively acc
Page 187 and 188: 172 John T. Haworthnow a key elemen
Page 189 and 190: 174 John T. Haworthanalyses of emot
Page 191 and 192: 176 John T. Haworththe activity at
Page 193 and 194: 178 John T. Haworthinfluence of con
Page 195 and 196: 180 John T. Haworthit has to be use
Page 197 and 198: 182 John T. HaworthHaworth, J. T. a
Page 199 and 200: Chapter 10Leisure and HealthSeppo E
Page 201 and 202: 186 Seppo E. Iso-Ahola and Roger C.
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Chapter 11Serious leisure, voluntee
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202 Robert A. StebbinsCareer volunt
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204 Robert A. Stebbinscosts are see
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206 Robert A. Stebbinswithin one or
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208 Robert A. Stebbinsof achievemen
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210 Robert A. Stebbinsthe president
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212 Robert A. StebbinsUnruh, D. R.
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214 John T. Haworth and A. J. VealH
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216 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealc
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218 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealt
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220 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealc
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222 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veald
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224 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veale
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226 John T. Haworth and A. J. VealM
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228 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealh
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230 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veala
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232 Author indexDeci, E. 188, 197De
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234 Author indexPrimeau, C. 170, 18
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Subject indexactivity rates 91alien
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238 Subject indexwork-centredness 3
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