Work and Leisure

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History of work 31While industrialisation undoubtedly resulted in increased working hoursfor industrial workers, in the second half of the nineteenth century and thereafter,while industrialisation was still proceeding apace in Europe and NorthAmerica, the trend was to reduce working hours. Workers’ organisationscampaigned for shorter hours not only because of the desire for more leisure,but also because it was felt that this would create more jobs and, throughrestrictions on the supply of labour, lead to increased wages. But the movewas also supported by politicians and social reformers, and even by someindustrialists, because ‘they believed it would improve work performanceand increase production’, and have beneficial effects on ‘health, citizenship,morality, family and religious duties’ (Hunnicutt 1988: 15).There is no doubt that working hours in Western countries fell dramaticallybetween the height of the industrial revolution in the mid-nineteenthcentury and the middle of the twentieth century. However, as Figure 1.1 andSchor and others (e.g. Juster, in Zuzanek 1996: 67) indicate, in recent years thetrend may have gone into reverse. Such trends are the focus of a number ofother chapters in the book.ConclusionAn attempt has been made here to convey some of the broad characteristicsof the history of work and its relationship to leisure from prehistoric times tothe present. The topic is a substantial one which is addressed in a number ofways in a large and growing literature. The balance between work, leisureand material needs has varied markedly over time, in quantitative and qualitativeterms, influenced by culture, religion, technology and social and economicstructures and the relative power of different groups within thosestructures. In that sense, little has changed and history is a fair predictor ofthe future.Note1 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism was originally published as atwo-part article in 1904–5 and in book form in 1920–1, appearing in Englishtranslation in 1930 (see p. 1 of Anthony Giddens’ ‘Introduction’ to Weber (1976)).ReferencesAnthony, P. D. (1977) The Ideology of Work. London: Tavistock.Applebaum, H. (1992) The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press.Bailey, P. (1978) Leisure and Class in Victorian England. London: Routledge andKegan Paul.Barker, E. (1948) The Politics of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Cross, G. (1990) A Social History of Leisure since 1600. State College, PA: Venture.
32 A. J. VealCunningham, H. (1980) Leisure in the Industrial Revolution. London: Croom Helm.De Grazia, S. (1964) Of Time, Work, and Leisure. Garden City, NY: Anchor.deLisle, L. J. (2003) Keys to the kingdom or devil’s playground? The impact of institutionalisedreligion on the perception and use of leisure. Annals of LeisureResearch 6(2): 83–102.Dubin, R. (1958) Industrial workers’ worlds. In E. Larrabee and R. Meyersohn (eds)Mass Leisure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Dumazedier, J. (1967) Toward a Society of Leisure. New York: Free Press.Giddens, A. (1993) Sociology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity.Gutman, H. G. (1977) Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America. Oxford:Basil Blackwell.Haworth, J. T. and Smith, M. A. (eds) (1975) Work and Leisure. London: Lepus.Huizinga, J. (1950) Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture 1955 edn.Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Hunnicutt, B. K. (1988) Work without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right toWork. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Keynes, J. M. (1972 [1931]) Economic possibilities for our grandchildren. In TheCollected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume 9: Essays in Persuasion.London: Macmillan.Le Goff, J. (1988) Medieval Civilization: 400–1500, trans. J. Burrow. Oxford: BasilBlackwell.Margetson, S. (1968) Leisure and Pleasure in the Nineteenth Century. London:Cassell.Marx, K. (1930 [1867]) Capital, Volume 1. London: Dent.Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1952 [1848]) Manifesto of the Communist Party. Moscow:Progress Publishers.Meller, H. E. (1976) Leisure and the Changing City, 1870–1914. London: Routledgeand Kegan Paul.Mumford, L. (1934) Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt, Brace.O’Malley, M. (1992) Time, work and task orientation: a critique of American historiography.Time and Society 1(3): 341–58.Owens, J. D. (1979) Working Hours: An Economic Analysis. Lexington, MA: LexingtonBooks.Rojek, C. (2000) Leisure and Culture. London: Macmillan.Rosenzweig, R. (1983) Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in anIndustrial City, 1870–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Russell, B. and Russell, D. (1923) The Prospects of Industrial Civilization. London:Allen and Unwin.Sahlins, M. (1974) Stone Age Economics. London: Tavistock.Schor, J. (1991) The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure.New York: Basic Books.Shafer, E. L., Moeller, G. H. and Russell, E. G. (1975) Future leisure environments.Ekistics 40(236): 68–72.Shivers, J. S. and deLisle, L. J. (1997) The Story of Leisure: Context, Concepts, andCurrent Controversy. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Stanner, W. E. H. (1979) White Man Got No Dreaming: Essays: 1938–1973. Canberra:Australian National University Press.Sylvester, T. L. (2000) Slavery throughout History. Detroit, MI: UXL.
Page 2: Work and LeisureHere is a book that
Page 5 and 6: First published 2004by Routledge27
Page 7 and 8: viContentsPART IIQuality of life an
Page 9 and 10: viiiIllustrations7.1 Time-use and p
Page 11 and 12: xNotes on contributorsArts, Manches
Page 13 and 14: PrefaceThe year 2000 was the twenty
Page 16 and 17: IntroductionJohn T. Haworth and A.
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 3this came more from w
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 5website www.positivep
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 7differences in men’
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 9Sampling Method, ques
Page 26: ReferencesIntroduction 11American P
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1A brief history of work an
Page 32 and 33: Hunter-gatherer societiesHistory of
Page 34 and 35: History of work 19morality, involvi
Page 36 and 37: History of work 21on the same level
Page 38 and 39: History of work 23task-orientation
Page 40 and 41: History of work 25ResistanceChanges
Page 42 and 43: History of work 27In the 1930s, the
Page 44 and 45: History of work 29Figure 1.1 Estima
Page 48 and 49: History of work 33Thompson, E. P. (
Page 50 and 51: The devil still makes work 35fundin
Page 52 and 53: The devil still makes work 37no dou
Page 54 and 55: The devil still makes work 39cushio
Page 56 and 57: The devil still makes work 41marria
Page 58 and 59: The devil still makes work 43differ
Page 60 and 61: The devil still makes work 45museum
Page 62 and 63: The devil still makes work 47distri
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Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3Postmodern work and leisur
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Page 76 and 77: Postmodern work and leisure 61In te
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Page 80 and 81: Postmodern work and leisure 65over-
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 4Gender, work and leisureJu
Page 84 and 85: Gender, work and leisure 69I believ
Page 86 and 87: Gender, work and leisure 71and they
Page 88 and 89: Gender, work and leisure 73the impa
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Page 92 and 93: Gender, work and leisure 77Stanley
Page 94 and 95: Gender, work and leisure 79knowledg
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Gender, work and leisure 81leisure
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Gender, work and leisure 83Deem, R.
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Chapter 5The economics of workand l
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UK evidenceThe economics of work an
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The economics of work and leisure 8
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Table 5.5 Hours worked, UK, USA, Ja
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Chapter 6Looking backPerspectives o
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Perspectives on leisure-work relati
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Table 6.1 Wilensky and Parker: rela
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Part IIQuality of life and workand
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124 Jiri Zuzanekthe association bet
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126 Jiri ZuzanekWhat makes people f
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128 Jiri ZuzanekTable 7.3 Feelings
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130 Jiri ZuzanekChoice and control
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132 Jiri ZuzanekTime pressure and p
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134 Jiri Zuzanek1983). Similarly, i
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136 Jiri ZuzanekIn general, the eff
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138 Jiri Zuzanekbeneficial health e
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140 Jiri Zuzanekdeterminants of hum
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142 Jiri ZuzanekFrank, J. W. (1995)
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144 Jiri ZuzanekZuzanek, J. and Bec
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146 Schneider, Ainbinder, Csikszent
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Figure 8.2 Time spent working at ho
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Figure 8.4 Work and family
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Table 8.3 Experiences of stress whe
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Table 8.4 Social experiences of str
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Chapter 9Work, leisure and well-bei
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170 John T. Haworthwe passively acc
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172 John T. Haworthnow a key elemen
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174 John T. Haworthanalyses of emot
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176 John T. Haworththe activity at
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178 John T. Haworthinfluence of con
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180 John T. Haworthit has to be use
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182 John T. HaworthHaworth, J. T. a
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Chapter 10Leisure and HealthSeppo E
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186 Seppo E. Iso-Ahola and Roger C.
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Chapter 11Serious leisure, voluntee
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202 Robert A. StebbinsCareer volunt
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204 Robert A. Stebbinscosts are see
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206 Robert A. Stebbinswithin one or
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208 Robert A. Stebbinsof achievemen
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210 Robert A. Stebbinsthe president
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212 Robert A. StebbinsUnruh, D. R.
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214 John T. Haworth and A. J. VealH
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216 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealc
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218 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealt
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220 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealc
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222 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veald
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224 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veale
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226 John T. Haworth and A. J. VealM
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228 John T. Haworth and A. J. Vealh
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230 John T. Haworth and A. J. Veala
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232 Author indexDeci, E. 188, 197De
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234 Author indexPrimeau, C. 170, 18
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Subject indexactivity rates 91alien
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238 Subject indexwork-centredness 3
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