ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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Key issueDeforestationBushfiresOvergrazingIndirect and off-siteeffectsIssue/Cause-Effects/Vulnerable Zone(s)Increasing demand for fuelwood, charcoal production, and building materials as well as losses tobush fires and bush-fallow farming. Especially high demand in Guinea and Sudan savanna zoneswhere over one third of the landscape has been degraded from 55.6% savanna woodland (>25trees/ha) and 44.0% cultivated savanna (6-25 trees/ac) to widely open, cultivated savanna(
significantly recovered by the late 1990s to fill the dam for optimal operating hydropower generation since thedroughts of the early 1980s (Kasei, 2009).Projections from climate modeling also predict increases in temperature and increased frequency of “Hot” daysand nights, producing higher peak rainy season temperatures (McSweeney et al., no data a; Kunstmann and Jung,2005). Projected temperatures from modeling increased most rapidly in the interior of Ghana but were largestalong the coast (McSweeney et al., no data a; Dontwi et al., 2008). Results from projected rainfall changescountrywide or in the Volta Basin are mixed with various models and SRES scenarios trending upward,downward, or showing little to no future change (McSweeney et al., no data a; Andah et al., 2005; Lehner, 2005;Kunstmann and Jung, 2005; Jung, 2006; Minia, 2008). Increased temperatures might also increaseevapotranspiration rates in the Volta Basin although again climate projections are mixed (see model details inKunstmann and Jung, 2005; Jung, 2006; Kasei, 2009). In sum, climate trend data and to some extent GCMprojections indicate lower rainfall, higher temperature, and perhaps increased evapotranspiration rates, allconditions that exacerbate desertification in those areas already affected and increase risk to vulnerable but nowonly moderately affected areas.Regardless of climate change effects being negative or positive, the continuance along the current human-naturalresource trajectory of population growth, over-exploitation, and overall extensive land degradation in thedesertification-prone zones of Ghana (e.g., Idinoba et al. 2010) is clearly unsustainable over the long term. Atbest, the resilience and productivity of much of the Sudan and Guinea savanna zones will be progressivelyweakened and at worst those same areas, particularly those in northern Ghana, will succumb to completedesertification.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 97
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
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precipitation changes is not very d
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AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
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would include concentrating access
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of transparency pervade the current
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alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
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affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
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Information and analysis needs for
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1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
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ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
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Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
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The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
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For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
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increases generally were projected
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Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
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parameter (temperature and precipit
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emission scenarios gives a decrease
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of finance and economic planning, f
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indigenous people and more recently
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Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
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SC. A New National Plantation Devel
Page 57 and 58: to be developed that provide rigoro
Page 59 and 60: LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
Page 61 and 62: ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
Page 63 and 64: TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
Page 65 and 66: the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
Page 69 and 70: North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
Page 73 and 74: over a longer period. With the risk
Page 75 and 76: LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
Page 79 and 80: MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
Page 81 and 82: Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
Page 83 and 84: Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
Page 85 and 86: Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
Page 87 and 88: Farmers who depend on annual rains
Page 89 and 90: Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
Page 91 and 92: Transportation networkChanging Crop
Page 93 and 94: Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
Page 95 and 96: POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
Page 97 and 98: Ghana is comprised of crop and live
Page 99 and 100: URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
Page 101 and 102: income; non-farm related enterprise
Page 103 and 104: 6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
Page 105 and 106: DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
Page 107: In the National Action Plan to Comb
Page 111 and 112: Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
Page 113 and 114: Source: US Geological Survey, (http
Page 115 and 116: Two other proximate causes of defor
Page 117 and 118: extreme, fire is essential in fire-
Page 119 and 120: gill nets constructed from traditio
Page 121 and 122: upwelling strength) involved in reg
Page 123 and 124: completely dominate trawl catches b
Page 125 and 126: have increased substantially due to
Page 127 and 128: CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
Page 129 and 130: (Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
Page 131 and 132: METHODSAs described above, to asses
Page 133 and 134: Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
Page 135 and 136: Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
Page 137 and 138: lowest vulnerability of any distric
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
Page 143 and 144: Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
Page 157 and 158: people residing in thesee regions a
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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from friends and family to get by d
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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At Mole National Park, managers exp
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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
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(interview). An opportunity exists
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Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
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Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
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Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
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positive impacts, and has upset com
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Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
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effect. In the drier scenario, the
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Communities are, rightly or wrongly
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carbon sequestration and maintenanc
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Information and analysis needs for
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Table 11.1 Options for intervention
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Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
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Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
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Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
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Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
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Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
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Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
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MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
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Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
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Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
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Date Organization Interviewee Posit
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APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
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DP - contact person Activity Object
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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