ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4. CLIMATE CHANGEPOLICY FRAMEWORKCLIMATE CHANGE ACTIVITIES IN GHANAResponsibility for developing, coordinating, and implementing Ghana’s climate policy is understandablydispersed among several agencies. The Environment and Natural Resources Advisory Council (ENRAC)operates at the Cabinet level and is in place to coordinate among ministries. Within ministries with climaterelatedresponsibilities, there are coordinating and consultative activities. For example, a Carbon Credit PolicyCommittee operates in the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST) to clearly define rulesand procedures effecting carbon credit generating activities, allocation of carbon rights, and participation insub-national carbon activities.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) within MEST is responsible for developing national climatechange policy and integrating priorities into sectoral plans. The EPA is the main Country ImplementingInstitution (CII) for technical coordination of activities on climate change, the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and some other environmental conventions ratified by Ghana.Within the Agency, a specialized unit on Energy Resources and Climate Change has been established to serveas the technical focal point on climate change and related issues in Ghana, including technical aspects forClean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. The National Climate Change Coordinator is located withinthe Energy Resource and Climate Change Unit of the EPA.The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) is the lead national entity responsible for overalloversight and direction on REDD+ activities in Ghana. The National REDD Steering Committee,established in 2009, provides support to MLNR. The Ministry is also represented at the National ClimateChange Committee (NCCC). The REDD+ secretariat at the Forestry Commission in collaboration with theNational REDD+ Steering Committee facilitated Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) process withsupport from World Bank.The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MoFEP) is represented on the NCCC and has beennominated for accreditation as the National Operating Entity to the Adaptation Fund Board. This is to legallyenable MoFEP to function as the fiduciary administrator of the Adaptation Fund in Ghana. MoFEP is alsoleading an inter-ministerial collaboration under the Forest Investment Programme (FIP) initiative by theWorld Bank to support REDD+ implementation in Ghana. The Natural Resource Governance desk atMoFEP centrally coordinates the budget support program under Natural Resource, EnvironmentalGovernance (NREG) program and the Forest Investment Programme Initiatives.Climate change is being mainstreamed into Ghana’s Shared Growth and Development Agenda andcoordinated by the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC). Climate change was targeted forsupport by Donor Partners under the NREG program. The Ministry of Environment, Science andTechnology is the lead institution for climate change and UNFCCC activities in the country and hosts theNational Committee on Climate Change. Representatives from relevant ministries, universities, researchinstitutions, the private sector, and NGOs serve on the committee. The NCCC is responsible for formulatinga National Climate Change Policy for Ghana that includes mitigation and adaptation actions that are to beintegrated into planning processes at national, regional, and district levels. Other duties of the NCCC arerecommending areas of study to the MEST for comparing climate change adaptation strategies; identifyingskills deficiencies and training needs; and developing harmonized climate change programs in the key sectors36 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
of finance and economic planning, forestry, agriculture, land and water, health, energy, and coastal zonesmanagement.The MEST developed a list of 55 actions and policies the GoG could take to reduce GHG emissions. TheseNationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) were appended to Ghana’s submission to theCopenhagen Accord. Most NAMAs align with development priorities in the Ghana Shared Growth andDevelopment Agenda 2010 (GSGDA), and most are energy related but do not specifically mention biofuels,other than waste as renewable sources, and do not mention woodlots to meet community cooking needs.Eight of the 55 NAMAs address land use, land use change and forestry including sustainable forestmanagement, REDD+, plantation development, and rehabilitation of degraded lands. The NAMAs aremostly broad statements without implementation details, cost estimates, likely funding sources or priorities.REDD+ POLICY FRAMEWORKINTRODUCTIONReducing emissions from deforestation and degradation of tropical forests (REDD) is one means formitigating the effects of increased CO 2 on global climate (UNFCC 2007). One strategy for reducingemissions from land conversion is to pay for maintaining and enhancing carbon stocks with the added benefitof halting deforestation (Kanninen, Murdiyarso et al. 2007). When the term REDD was formally recognizedat the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of Parties meeting in Bali,Indonesia in 2007, the last clause of the decision document added the “plus” to the term. This recognized therole of conservation and sustainable forest management in enhancing carbon stocks (Mayers et al., 2010). Theinternational community has invested heavily in preparing tropical countries to participate in an expectedprogram to pay to maintain or enhance forest carbon stocks. Funding has been streamed through twomechanisms, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility of the World Bank and the United Nations REDD (UN-REDD) program. Additionally, there are voluntary carbon markets and the Clean DevelopmentMechanism/Afforestation and Reforestation mechanism (Westholm et al., 2009).The UNFCC REDD concept has four components that set the boundaries for an eventual program (Figure4.1): Scope, Reference Level, Distribution, and Financing. Because agreement on REDD+ has been illusive,most of the questions posed for these components have yet to be answered definitively. Thus, some details ofa REDD+ program in Ghana must await international clarification. Although experience from the voluntarycarbon markets and the CDM A/R provide some guidance, they essentially operated at the project-level. Thenational-scale envisioned for REDD presents new, more complex questions (Westholm et al., 2009). Oneissue is the necessity to monitor and verify that carbon stocks are being maintained; the Bali documentfeatured measurement (monitoring), reporting, and verification (MRV) as a central focus (Westholm et al.,2009). Until Scope and Reference Level issues have been resolved, MRV components remain in flux. Anotherissue is whether REDD approaches should be strictly national, sub-national, or both and the related concernsabout benefit-sharing among stakeholders. These and related issues for Ghana are discussed below.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 37
Page 1 and 2: GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
Page 3: GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
Page 9: NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
Page 15 and 16: precipitation changes is not very d
Page 17 and 18: AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
Page 19 and 20: would include concentrating access
Page 21 and 22: of transparency pervade the current
Page 23 and 24: alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
Page 25 and 26: affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
Page 27 and 28: Information and analysis needs for
Page 29 and 30: 1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
Page 31: ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
Page 35 and 36: Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
Page 37 and 38: The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
Page 39 and 40: For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
Page 41 and 42: increases generally were projected
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
Page 45 and 46: parameter (temperature and precipit
Page 47: emission scenarios gives a decrease
Page 51 and 52: indigenous people and more recently
Page 53 and 54: Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
Page 55 and 56: SC. A New National Plantation Devel
Page 57 and 58: to be developed that provide rigoro
Page 59 and 60: LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
Page 61 and 62: ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
Page 63 and 64: TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
Page 65 and 66: the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
Page 69 and 70: North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
Page 73 and 74: over a longer period. With the risk
Page 75 and 76: LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
Page 79 and 80: MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
Page 81 and 82: Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
Page 83 and 84: Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
Page 85 and 86: Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
Page 87 and 88: Farmers who depend on annual rains
Page 89 and 90: Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
Page 91 and 92: Transportation networkChanging Crop
Page 93 and 94: Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
Page 95 and 96: POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
Page 97 and 98: Ghana is comprised of crop and live
Page 99 and 100:
URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
Page 101 and 102:
income; non-farm related enterprise
Page 103 and 104:
6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
Page 105 and 106:
DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
Page 107 and 108:
In the National Action Plan to Comb
Page 109 and 110:
significantly recovered by the late
Page 111 and 112:
Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
Page 113 and 114:
Source: US Geological Survey, (http
Page 115 and 116:
Two other proximate causes of defor
Page 117 and 118:
extreme, fire is essential in fire-
Page 119 and 120:
gill nets constructed from traditio
Page 121 and 122:
upwelling strength) involved in reg
Page 123 and 124:
completely dominate trawl catches b
Page 125 and 126:
have increased substantially due to
Page 127 and 128:
CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
Page 129 and 130:
(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
Page 131 and 132:
METHODSAs described above, to asses
Page 133 and 134:
Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
Page 135 and 136:
Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
Page 137 and 138:
lowest vulnerability of any distric
Page 139 and 140:
Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
Page 141 and 142:
Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
Page 143 and 144:
Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
Page 157 and 158:
people residing in thesee regions a
Page 159 and 160:
CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 161 and 162:
from friends and family to get by d
Page 163 and 164:
CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 165 and 166:
At Mole National Park, managers exp
Page 167 and 168:
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
Page 169 and 170:
(interview). An opportunity exists
Page 171 and 172:
Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
Page 173 and 174:
Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
Page 175 and 176:
Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
Page 177 and 178:
positive impacts, and has upset com
Page 179 and 180:
Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
Page 181 and 182:
effect. In the drier scenario, the
Page 183 and 184:
Communities are, rightly or wrongly
Page 185 and 186:
carbon sequestration and maintenanc
Page 187 and 188:
Information and analysis needs for
Page 189 and 190:
Table 11.1 Options for intervention
Page 191 and 192:
Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
Page 199 and 200:
Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
Page 201 and 202:
Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
Page 203 and 204:
Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
Page 205 and 206:
Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
Page 207 and 208:
MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
Page 209 and 210:
Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
Page 211 and 212:
Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
Page 213 and 214:
Date Organization Interviewee Posit
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
Page 221 and 222:
DP - contact person Activity Object
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
Page 243 and 244:
e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
Page 245 and 246:
Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
Page 247 and 248:
Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
Page 249 and 250:
c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
Page 251 and 252:
APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
Page 253 and 254:
d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
Page 258:
U.S. Agency for International Devel
show all

ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?