ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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12. LITERATURE CITEDAbugre, S. and Kazaare, F.P., 2010. Trends and status of illegal timber logging in three forest districts of theBrong-Ahafo region of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Forestry, 26: 89-100.Adam, B. 2011. Ghana: company flares gas. allAfrica.com, Public Agenda, Accra, Ghana. Available from:http:// http://allafrica.com/stories/201104080904.html; accessed 2 May 2011.Adam, J. C. and Lettenmaier, D. P. 2003. Adjustment of global gridded precipitation for systematic bias,Journal of Geophysical Research, 108: 1-4.Adam, M.A. 2011. Personal communication. National Oil Coordinator, Publish What You Pay Ghana. Accra,Ghana.Adams, M., and Sibanda, S. 1999. Land tenure reform and rural livelihoods in Southern Africa. Naturalresource Perspectives, Overseas Development Institute.Addo, K. A., M. Walkden, and J. P. Mills. 2008. Detection, measurement and prediction of shorelinerecession in Accra, Ghana. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 63:543-548.Addo, K. A. 2009. Detection of coastal erosion hotspots in Accra, Ghana. Journal of SustainableDevelopment in Africa 11(4):253-265.Adeku, J.; Kwafo, S.K. 2005. Eastern Region: Analyses of district data and implications for planning. In:Twum-Baah, K.A.; Kumekpor, T.K.B.; Addae-Mensah, I.; eds. 2000 Population and Housing Census.Accra: Ghana Statistical Services. Vol. 3 [of 10].Adeoti, A., B. Barry, et al. (2007). Treadle pump irrigation and poverty in Ghana. Colombo, Sri Lanka,International Water Management Institute (IWMI). IWMI Research Report 117.Adger, N., 1999. Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam. World Development,27(2): 249-269.Adger, W. N., T. P. Hughes, et al. (2005). "Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters." Science 309(5737):1036.Ahmad, O.B.; Nkansah, M.Y. 2005. Northern Region: Analysis of district data and implications for planning.In: Twum-Baah, K.A.; Kumekpor, T.K.B.; Addae-Mensah, I.; eds. 2000 Population and HousingCensus. Accra: Ghana Statistical Services. Vol. 6 [of 10].Agyeman, V.K.; Marfo, K.A.; Kasanga, K.R.; Danso, E.; Asare, A.B.; Yeboah, O.M.; Agyeman, F. 2003.Revising the taungya plantation system: new revenue-sharing proposals from Ghana. Unasylva 212.54(1): 40-43. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y4744e/y4744e10.pdfAggery-Fynn, J. 2007. The fishery of Balistes capriscus (Balistidae) in Ghana and possible reasons for itscollapse. Ph.D. Thesis. Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, University of Bremen.Akoto, I.O.; Ampabeng, I.; Fenny, A.P. 2006. Customarily Land Tenure Practices, Investment andAgricultural Production in Ghana. Draft Report. On file with: Institute of Statistical, Social andEconomic Research (ISSER). University of Ghana. November, 2006.Alhassan, H.S. 2009. Butterflies vs. hydropower: reflections on large dams in contemporary Africa. WaterAlternatives. 2(1): 148-160.184 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts in the oil palm and citrus belt of Ghana. IIED, London. 30 pp.http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/9008IIED.pdfAndah, W.E.I. and Gichuki F., editors. 2005. VoltaRiver Basin: Enhancing Agricultural Water Productivity Through Strategic Research. Baseline ReportReport No. 8, CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka.Andah, W.E. I., N. van de Giesen, and C. A. Biney. 2005. Water, climate, food, and environment in the VoltaBasin. Contribution to the project ADAPT, Adapation strategies to changing environments.Andreini, M., N. van de Giesen, A. van Edig, M. Fosu, and W. Andah. 2000. Volta basin water balance.,ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy Number 21, Center for Development and Research,Bonn Universitat.Angelsen, A. and Institute, M., 2009. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD):an options assessment report. Meridian Institute.Anim-Kwapong, G. J. and E. B. Frimpong Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change- impact of climatechange on cocoa production. Vulnerability and adaptation assessment under the netherlands climatechange studies assistance programme phase 2 (NCCSAP2). New Tafo Akim, Ghana, Cocoa ResearchInstitute of Ghana.Ansa-Emmim, M. 1979. Occurrence of the triggerfish, Balistes capriscus (Gmel), on the continental shelf ofGhana. Pages 20-27. In: Report of the special working group on the evaluation of demersal stocks ofthe Ivory Coast - Zaire sector, CECAF/ECAF SERIES/79/14(En), FAO, Rome.Apombwe, M. 2011. Personal communication. Head of Ghana’s national climate change unit, EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Accra, Ghana.Appiah, M. et al., 2009. Dependence on forest resources and tropical deforestation in Ghana. Environment,Development and Sustainability, 11(3): 471-487.Appiah, M., L. Damnyag, et al. (2010). Forest and agroecosystem fire management in Ghana. Mitigation andAdaptation Strategies for Global Change: 1-20.Asante, M.S., 2005. Deforestation in Ghana: explaining the chronic failure of forest preservation policies in adeveloping country. Univ Press of America.Asiamah, R. D. and C. D. Dedzoe. 1999. Plinthization: a threat to agricultural production. Ghana Journal ofAgriculturual Science 32.Asiamah , R. D. 1995. Soils of the Ho-Keta plains, Volta Region. Ghana Technical Report No. 10, SRI,Kwadaso-Kumasi.Asiamah, R. D., C. Quansah, and C. D. Dedzoe. 2000. Soil degradation: management and rehabilitation inGhana- an overview report. Proceedings of the FAO/ISCW Expert Consultation On: Managementof Degraded Soils in Southern and East Africa (MADS-SEA), 2 nd Network Meeting, 18-22September, 2000, Pretoria South Africa, Pp 89-101.Atta-Mills, J; Alder, J.; Sumaila, U.R. 2004. The decline of a regional fishing nation: the case of Ghana andWest Africa. National Resources Forum. 28: 13-21.Bannerman, P.O., and I.G. Cowx. 2002. Stock assessment of the big-eye grunt (Brachydeuterus auritus, Val.)fishery in Ghanaian coastal waters. Fisheries Research 59:197-207.Bakun, A. 1998. Ocean triads and radical interdecadal stock variability: bane and boon for fisherymanagement science. Pages 331–358 in: Reinventing Fisheries Management, T. J. Pitcher, P.J.B. Hart,and D. Pauly, editors. Chapman and Hall, London.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 185
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
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precipitation changes is not very d
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AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
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would include concentrating access
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of transparency pervade the current
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alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
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affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
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Information and analysis needs for
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1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
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ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
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Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
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The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
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For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
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increases generally were projected
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Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
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parameter (temperature and precipit
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emission scenarios gives a decrease
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of finance and economic planning, f
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indigenous people and more recently
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Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
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SC. A New National Plantation Devel
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to be developed that provide rigoro
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LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
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ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
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TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
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the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
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Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
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North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
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Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
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over a longer period. With the risk
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LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
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Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
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MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
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Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
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Farmers who depend on annual rains
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Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
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Transportation networkChanging Crop
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Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
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POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
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Ghana is comprised of crop and live
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URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
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income; non-farm related enterprise
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6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
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DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
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In the National Action Plan to Comb
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significantly recovered by the late
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Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
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Source: US Geological Survey, (http
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Two other proximate causes of defor
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extreme, fire is essential in fire-
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gill nets constructed from traditio
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upwelling strength) involved in reg
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completely dominate trawl catches b
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have increased substantially due to
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CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
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(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
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METHODSAs described above, to asses
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Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
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Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
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lowest vulnerability of any distric
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Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
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Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
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Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
Page 157 and 158: people residing in thesee regions a
Page 159 and 160: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 161 and 162: from friends and family to get by d
Page 163 and 164: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 165 and 166: At Mole National Park, managers exp
Page 167 and 168: ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
Page 169 and 170: (interview). An opportunity exists
Page 171 and 172: Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
Page 173 and 174: Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
Page 175 and 176: Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
Page 177 and 178: positive impacts, and has upset com
Page 179 and 180: Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
Page 181 and 182: effect. In the drier scenario, the
Page 183 and 184: Communities are, rightly or wrongly
Page 185 and 186: carbon sequestration and maintenanc
Page 187 and 188: Information and analysis needs for
Page 189 and 190: Table 11.1 Options for intervention
Page 191 and 192: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 193 and 194: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 195: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 199 and 200: Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
Page 201 and 202: Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
Page 203 and 204: Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
Page 205 and 206: Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
Page 207 and 208: MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
Page 209 and 210: Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
Page 211 and 212: Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
Page 213 and 214: Date Organization Interviewee Posit
Page 219 and 220: APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
Page 221 and 222: DP - contact person Activity Object
Page 229 and 230: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
Page 241 and 242: APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
Page 243 and 244: e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
Page 245 and 246: Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
Page 258:
U.S. Agency for International Devel
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