ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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Figure 5.7 Ghana Population Densityy by Districtt (persons/km 2 )Source : Ghana 2000 Population and Housing CensusNote: Dots indicate regional capital cities.At a national level, Ghana’s economyis comprisedof three primary sectors: agriculture accounts for roughly 30percent ofGhana’s gross domestic product, industry accounts for roughly 20 percent, and service accounts forroughly 50percent (GSS, 2010a). There are three sectors that account for 80 percent of Ghana’s totalemployment. The majority (55 percent) of the working population is formallyy employed in agricultural activities,followed by 15 percent in trading, and 10 percent in manufacturing (GSS, 2008b). The agricultural sectorin84 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
Ghana is comprised of crop and livestock production, which constitute 65 percent of all agricultural production;cocoa production and marketing, which make up 12 percent; forestry and logging, comprising 10 percent; andinland and marine fishing, constituting 13 percent (GSS, 2008a). The agricultural sector has been a major driver ofpoverty reduction, and dominates the livelihoods of rural households; 85 percent of rural households engage inagricultural activities. By comparison, 28 percent of urban households report being engaged in agriculture (GSS,2008b).The official unit of currency in Ghana is the Ghana Cedi (Gh¢). One Ghana Cedi was equivalent to 0.66 U.S.dollars in early 2011 (according to www.exchange-rates.org). The Ghana Cedi was introduced in July of 2007, andwas essentially a redenomination of the old currency. The former currency was the Cedi (as opposed to the newGhana Cedi); 10,000 (old) Cedis are equivalent to 1 (new) Ghana Cedi.Below we provide a general characterization of the Ghanaian economy – with a focus on the agricultural sector –in the coastal, forest, and savanna ecological zones.CROP PRODUCTIONSmallholder farmers, who cultivate 1-2 ha plots of land, account for 80 percent of the country’s agricultural cropproduction (USAID, 2011). The two most important crops to smallholder farmers in terms of sales are maize,which brings in an estimated 412.29 million Ghana cedis in annual sales, and cocoa, which brings in 361.13million Ghana cedis. Additional, albeit less lucrative, food staples grown by smallholder farmers include cassava,yam, plantain, cocoyam, and various fruits and vegetables (Table 5.8) (GSS, 2008b). The remaining 20 percent ofthe agricultural crop production is comprised of larger scale industrial plantations that produce palm oil, cotton,rubber, sugar cane, and tobacco. With the exception of oil palms, Ghana’s plantation industries have suffered as aresult of the country's economic difficulties (Clark, 1994).LIVESTOCK REARINGIn Ghana, 60.5 percent of households are engaged in raising livestock. According to the Fifth Round GhanaLiving Standards Survey, chicken is the most commonly reared animal; 30 percent of households reported thatthey kept chickens. Eighteen percent raise goats, 11 percent raise sheep, 4 percent raise cattle, and 4 percent ofhouseholds keep other poultry including duck, turkey, and guinea fowl. Much smaller numbers of householdsraise pigs, grasscutter rats, and rabbits (GSS, 2008b).CropTable 5.8 Estimated annual crop value by value of salesAnnual value of sales (thousand Ghana cedis*)Coastal Forest Savanna GhanaMaize 276,525 82,121 53,629 412,274Cocoa 8,081 313,381 39,670 361,132Groundnut 3,445 5,880 66,856 76,180Rice 2,273 3,904 23,661 29,839Cotton 20,742 20,742Beans/peas 408 2,444 12,726 15,578Sorghum 3 11,844 11,847Millet 14 11,633 11,647Coconut 8,275 390 31 8,696Tobacco 57 7472 7,529Cashew nut 54 165 3315 3,534Sugar cane 2,106 781 2,887Source: Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Living Standards Survey 5*1 Ghana Cedi is equivalent to 0.66 U.S. Dollars.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 85
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
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precipitation changes is not very d
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AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
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would include concentrating access
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of transparency pervade the current
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alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
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affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
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Information and analysis needs for
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1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
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ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
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Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
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The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
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For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
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increases generally were projected
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Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
Page 45 and 46: parameter (temperature and precipit
Page 47 and 48: emission scenarios gives a decrease
Page 49 and 50: of finance and economic planning, f
Page 51 and 52: indigenous people and more recently
Page 53 and 54: Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
Page 55 and 56: SC. A New National Plantation Devel
Page 57 and 58: to be developed that provide rigoro
Page 59 and 60: LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
Page 61 and 62: ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
Page 63 and 64: TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
Page 65 and 66: the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
Page 69 and 70: North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
Page 73 and 74: over a longer period. With the risk
Page 75 and 76: LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
Page 79 and 80: MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
Page 81 and 82: Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
Page 83 and 84: Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
Page 85 and 86: Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
Page 87 and 88: Farmers who depend on annual rains
Page 89 and 90: Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
Page 91 and 92: Transportation networkChanging Crop
Page 93 and 94: Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
Page 95: POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
Page 99 and 100: URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
Page 101 and 102: income; non-farm related enterprise
Page 103 and 104: 6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
Page 105 and 106: DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
Page 107 and 108: In the National Action Plan to Comb
Page 109 and 110: significantly recovered by the late
Page 111 and 112: Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
Page 113 and 114: Source: US Geological Survey, (http
Page 115 and 116: Two other proximate causes of defor
Page 117 and 118: extreme, fire is essential in fire-
Page 119 and 120: gill nets constructed from traditio
Page 121 and 122: upwelling strength) involved in reg
Page 123 and 124: completely dominate trawl catches b
Page 125 and 126: have increased substantially due to
Page 127 and 128: CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
Page 129 and 130: (Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
Page 131 and 132: METHODSAs described above, to asses
Page 133 and 134: Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
Page 135 and 136: Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
Page 137 and 138: lowest vulnerability of any distric
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
Page 143 and 144: Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
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Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
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Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
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Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
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people residing in thesee regions a
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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from friends and family to get by d
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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At Mole National Park, managers exp
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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
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(interview). An opportunity exists
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Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
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Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
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Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
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positive impacts, and has upset com
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Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
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effect. In the drier scenario, the
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Communities are, rightly or wrongly
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carbon sequestration and maintenanc
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Information and analysis needs for
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Table 11.1 Options for intervention
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Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
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Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
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Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
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Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
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Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
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Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
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MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
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Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
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Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
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Date Organization Interviewee Posit
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APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
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DP - contact person Activity Object
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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