ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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Source: LittleREDD Book, 2009Figure 4.1 TheReduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD)frameworkunder the UNFCC, showing the key questions to be answeredBecause the details of REDD+ have not been finalized, necessary activities and components have yet tobespecified. In the meantime, some have suggested that REDD+ provides a vehicle for a more comprehensiveapproach to carbon accounting and land use. The argument is that since in most of the tropics agriculturalexpansionn is the main proximate cause of deforestation, it should be considered in programs to addressdeforestation. Others have pointed tothe exclusionof some agroforestry practices from REDD+consideration because they occur on land that is not designated forest. These other approaches, termedAFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, Other Land Uses) and REALU (Reduced Emissions All Land Uses, includestrees not in forests), areopposed by those groups wishing to maintain the focus on forests.Alternatively,there has been discussion of using the REDD mechanism to develop payments for other ecosystem services,in additionto carbon sequestration (Karsenty, Guéneau et al. 2008).Nevertheless, there is broad consensus on the key elements of a national REDD+ program: developing areference scenario, transparency, andMRV (measurement [sometimes referred to as monitoring], reporting,and verification). A reference scenarioinvolves defining what a forest is and setting a baseline for carbonemissions from deforestation or degradation. It is from this baseline that carbon accumulation or loss is to beevaluated. The choice of baseline rules can greatly affect the amount of emissions reductions claimed(Griscom,Shoch et al. 2009). Transparency requires adequate consultation with stakeholders and affectedparties, including what constitutes adequate notification of farmers and otherss living in andaround forests.Other aspects of transparency relate to forest law and governance, including forest management practices,policies and enforcement, illegal logging, etc. Indeed, REDD+ was attractive to many because of the potentialto support(or require) governance reform (Hansen, Lund et al. 2009; Sandker, Nyame et al. 2010). BecauseREDD has been envisioned and approached as a national-leveleffort, concern for social responsibility andeffects on local communities was notinitially addressed. Social responsibility includes protecting the rights of38 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
indigenous people and more recently, sharing benefits from carbon payments equitably among government,land owners, and forest communities.Once the structure of a REDD+ program has been established, MRV focuses on its operation (Herold andJohns 2007; Herold and Skutsch 2009). It is concerned with ongoing carbon accounting and related issues –for example, permanence and leakages. Reporting originally was envisioned as a national responsibility butsub-national carbon accounting seems reasonable as a way to jump-start REDD+ programs and to encourageprivate party participation it must somehow be accommodated within the national accounting structure(Angelsen and Institute 2009). Nevertheless, exclusively sub-national accounting has been ruled out becauseof concerns over leakage and permanence and the difficulty of verification.REDD+ IN GHANAThe greatest potential for REDD+ in Ghana is in carbon enhancement, which means better management ofthe remaining small amount of forest and in restoring degraded forests. The potential so far has beenregarded as mostly within the High Forest Zone (HFZ), including shade-grown cocoa (cocoa culture isprimarily carried out in the HFZ) although there is no reason that REDD+ could not be extended to thesavanna woodlands of northern Ghana.The focal point for REDD+ in Ghana is the Climate Change Unit of the Forestry Commission; this unitserves as the secretariat for the National REDD+ Technical Working Group, a multi-stakeholder body withinthe Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. This working group provides oversight (advice and guidance)on REDD+ processes. (The FC is within this ministry). The institutional framework for REDD+ in Ghana isshown in Figure 4.2.At the Cabinet level is the Environment and Natural Resources Advisory Council, chaired by the Vice-President. This group provides oversight on national climate change issues, including REDD+, andcoordinates cross-sectoral issues (i.e., settles disputes between ministries). This group was formed in May2010. The NREG Technical Coordination Committee (TCC+) coordinates several forest-related initiativeswithin Ghana, including REDD+. NREG is a multi-donor sector budget program that is an effectivegovernment-donor-civil society mechanism that provides oversight and ensures cohesion in policy andcoordination of REDD+ with other initiatives. A Carbon Credit Policy Committee has been set up in theMinistry of Environment, Science and Technology to clearly define rules and procedures for carrying outcarbon credit generating activities, allocation of carbon rights, and participation in sub-national carbonactivities.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 39
Page 1 and 2: GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
Page 3: GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
Page 9: NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
Page 15 and 16: precipitation changes is not very d
Page 17 and 18: AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
Page 19 and 20: would include concentrating access
Page 21 and 22: of transparency pervade the current
Page 23 and 24: alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
Page 25 and 26: affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
Page 27 and 28: Information and analysis needs for
Page 29 and 30: 1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
Page 31: ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
Page 35 and 36: Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
Page 37 and 38: The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
Page 39 and 40: For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
Page 41 and 42: increases generally were projected
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
Page 45 and 46: parameter (temperature and precipit
Page 47 and 48: emission scenarios gives a decrease
Page 49: of finance and economic planning, f
Page 53 and 54: Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
Page 55 and 56: SC. A New National Plantation Devel
Page 57 and 58: to be developed that provide rigoro
Page 59 and 60: LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
Page 61 and 62: ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
Page 63 and 64: TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
Page 65 and 66: the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
Page 69 and 70: North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
Page 73 and 74: over a longer period. With the risk
Page 75 and 76: LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
Page 79 and 80: MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
Page 81 and 82: Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
Page 83 and 84: Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
Page 85 and 86: Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
Page 87 and 88: Farmers who depend on annual rains
Page 89 and 90: Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
Page 91 and 92: Transportation networkChanging Crop
Page 93 and 94: Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
Page 95 and 96: POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
Page 97 and 98: Ghana is comprised of crop and live
Page 99 and 100: URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
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income; non-farm related enterprise
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6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
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DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
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In the National Action Plan to Comb
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significantly recovered by the late
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Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
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Source: US Geological Survey, (http
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Two other proximate causes of defor
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extreme, fire is essential in fire-
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gill nets constructed from traditio
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upwelling strength) involved in reg
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completely dominate trawl catches b
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have increased substantially due to
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CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
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(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
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METHODSAs described above, to asses
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Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
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Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
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lowest vulnerability of any distric
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Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
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Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
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Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
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Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
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Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
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Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
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people residing in thesee regions a
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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from friends and family to get by d
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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At Mole National Park, managers exp
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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
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(interview). An opportunity exists
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Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
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Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
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Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
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positive impacts, and has upset com
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Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
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effect. In the drier scenario, the
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Communities are, rightly or wrongly
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carbon sequestration and maintenanc
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Information and analysis needs for
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Table 11.1 Options for intervention
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Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
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Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
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Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
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Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
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Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
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Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
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MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
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Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
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Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
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Date Organization Interviewee Posit
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APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
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DP - contact person Activity Object
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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