ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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8. ADAPTING TO CLIMATECHANGE IN GHANA: CASESTUDIES FROM THECOASTAL AND NORTHERNSAVANNA REGIONSINTRODUCTIONAdaptation to climate change in Ghana calls for measures that reduce the vulnerability of natural resourcesand people to its impacts, increase people’s ability to adapt to the long-term challenges posed by climatechange (their adaptive capacity), and strengthen people’s ability to absorb, cope with, and recover fromunexpected changes that result (resilience) (following Ensor and Berger, 2009). To promote climate changeadaptation, it is necessary to: 1) understand what the biophysical effects of climate change have been and areexpected to be in specific places (e.g., increased drought, unreliable rainfall, rising sea levels, flooding); and2) understand the nature of social and environmental vulnerability in a given place, including how and whypeople may be susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change. Thus, adaptation strategies are most likelyto be effective if they are developed using a community-based approach that takes into account the localcircumstances of specific communities.Two case studies of climate change adaptation are presented in this chapter: one from coastal Ghana, and onefrom the northern Guinea and Sudan savanna ecological zones, which include the Upper East, Upper West,and Northern administrative regions. The adaptation strategies described in these case studies are not meantto be prescriptive; instead, they provide examples of how climate change is being experienced in parts ofGhana that USAID has expressed a particular interest in, and of approaches to adaptation that are currentlyunderway in some communities or that could potentially be pursued.Figures 8.1 and 8.2 indicate the percentage of Ghana’s population employed mainly in agriculture, huntingand forestry, and fishing by district across Ghana. It is evident that the Upper East, Upper West, andNorthern administrative regions – generally corresponding to the Sudan and Guinea savanna ecological zones– have among the highest percentages of the population employed in agriculture, hunting, and forestry inGhana. Similarly, the Coastal Savanna Zone has a high percentage of the population employed in fishing.Thus, our focus in this chapter is on rural livelihoods in the context of climate change with an emphasis onfood security, in line with USAID’s planned investments in food security in Ghana through the Feed theFuture program. We assume that a main goal of climate change adaptation in these zones is to ensuresustainable livelihoods – defined as the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living in a mannerthat is resilient to stresses and shocks, and that maintains or enhances these capabilities, assets, and activitieswithout undermining the natural resource base (Scoones, 1998). The areas discussed in these case studiesdeserve special attention for potential investments in climate change adaptation because climate change inGhana is predicted to have significant impacts on coastal areas and on the dryland, northern savanna regions;144 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
people residing in thesee regions are highly dependent on fishing g and agriculture, respectively; and socialvulnerability to climate change is particularly high in northern Ghana.Source: 2000 Population and Housing Census (GSS, 2005)Figure 8.1 Percentage of Ghana’s population aged 15 and over employed mainly inagriculture, hunting, and forestry, by district.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ANDADAPTATIONASSESSMENT145
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
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precipitation changes is not very d
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AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
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would include concentrating access
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of transparency pervade the current
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alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
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affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
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Information and analysis needs for
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1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
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ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
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Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
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The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
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For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
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increases generally were projected
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Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
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parameter (temperature and precipit
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emission scenarios gives a decrease
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of finance and economic planning, f
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indigenous people and more recently
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Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
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SC. A New National Plantation Devel
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to be developed that provide rigoro
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LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
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ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
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TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
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the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
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Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
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North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
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Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
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over a longer period. With the risk
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LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
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Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
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MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
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Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
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Farmers who depend on annual rains
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Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
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Transportation networkChanging Crop
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Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
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POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
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Ghana is comprised of crop and live
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URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
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income; non-farm related enterprise
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6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
Page 105 and 106: DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
Page 107 and 108: In the National Action Plan to Comb
Page 109 and 110: significantly recovered by the late
Page 111 and 112: Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
Page 113 and 114: Source: US Geological Survey, (http
Page 115 and 116: Two other proximate causes of defor
Page 117 and 118: extreme, fire is essential in fire-
Page 119 and 120: gill nets constructed from traditio
Page 121 and 122: upwelling strength) involved in reg
Page 123 and 124: completely dominate trawl catches b
Page 125 and 126: have increased substantially due to
Page 127 and 128: CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
Page 129 and 130: (Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
Page 131 and 132: METHODSAs described above, to asses
Page 133 and 134: Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
Page 135 and 136: Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
Page 137 and 138: lowest vulnerability of any distric
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
Page 143 and 144: Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
Page 155: Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
Page 159 and 160: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 161 and 162: from friends and family to get by d
Page 163 and 164: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 165 and 166: At Mole National Park, managers exp
Page 167 and 168: ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
Page 169 and 170: (interview). An opportunity exists
Page 171 and 172: Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
Page 173 and 174: Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
Page 175 and 176: Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
Page 177 and 178: positive impacts, and has upset com
Page 179 and 180: Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
Page 181 and 182: effect. In the drier scenario, the
Page 183 and 184: Communities are, rightly or wrongly
Page 185 and 186: carbon sequestration and maintenanc
Page 187 and 188: Information and analysis needs for
Page 189 and 190: Table 11.1 Options for intervention
Page 191 and 192: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 197 and 198: Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
Page 199 and 200: Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
Page 201 and 202: Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
Page 203 and 204: Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
Page 205 and 206: Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
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MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
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Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
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Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
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Date Organization Interviewee Posit
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APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
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DP - contact person Activity Object
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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