ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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neighboring countries expand their extractions for drinking water and irrigation. Ghana is developing oil andgas that will provide new energy sources, but they will have to be developed, for example by capturing thenatural gas from the Jubilee Field and using it to power an energy plant. Perhaps the greatest opportunity forGhana is to develop advanced biofuels or at least to utilize advanced conversion technology along withcomparative advantages in growing woody feedstocks. Such a policy should, however be integrated withagricultural and other uses of land and is predicated upon raising the productivity of food crops to their fullpotential under intensification.Woody biomass for bioenergy already provides a large share of the energy needs of the average Ghanaian,specifically fuelwood for cooking. Currently this use is inefficient (open fires, inefficient charcoal productionmethods) and often damaging to the environment. In addition to programs to increase fuelwood availability,improve cookstove efficiency, and improve charcoal production, the entire forestry sector of Ghana needs tobe transformed. One starting point would be the transformation of the Forestry Commission into a landmanagement and stewardship agency. Thus a transformed FC would no longer be focused simply ongenerating income from timber concessions and permitting fees. Rather, the FC would be responsible forconserving the remaining high forests, restoring degraded forest reserves and wetland forests, and providingtechnical assistance to communities in developing community forests and fuelwood plantations. In addition,the wood industry in Ghana needs to be rationalized to remove subsidies that maintain an inefficient exportmarket, and to improve provision to meet domestic lumber needs. Improved forest management will alsomaximize opportunities to capture payments for carbon and other ecosystem services.Ghana’s mid-term development strategy and goal of obtaining MIC status by 2015 depends heavily uponimprovements in the agricultural sector. Although we have suggested some interventions in the agriculturalsector in Table 10.1, one change that requires multiple and continuing interventions is the need to overhaulagricultural research and extension in Ghana. The GoG does not provide adequate support for appliedagricultural research internally, which causes research scientists to seek funding from outside sources. Thisusually means that agricultural research focuses more on basic research than is needed in Ghana, leading tothe charge that it is irrelevant. Extension is also underfunded and is removed from the needs of thesmallholder. Without a strong applied research focus on issues that matter to the smallholder, delivered byextension agents in affordable technology packages, the existing agricultural research and extensioninfrastructure will not contribute to meeting the needs of the Ghanaian farmer.Finally, there is a need to conduct climate change vulnerability and adaptation analyses at the community andhousehold levels in the different regions. Because variability and changes in climate will be felt locally, andthere are a myriad of possible adaptation responses, vulnerability analysis needs to be situated in a local spatialcontext. USAID Ghana, working with donor partners, GoG agencies, NGOs, and CSOs should developvulnerability and adaptation analyses as part of the project planning and design phase, and require that theresults be used to modify projects before embarking on them.176 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
Table 11.1 Options for interventions in order to overcome barriers to climate change adaption and mitigation and reduce vulnerability(Abbreviations for USAID Programs: FtF=Feed the Future, Edu=Education, H&S=Health and Sanitation, Dem/Gov=Democracy and Governance, Gen=Gender)Barriers toAdaptation andMitigationPolicy Environment Uncoordinated response toclimate changeVulnerability Interventions USAID ProgramsUncoordinated response toclimate changeUncoordinated response todestructive elements of frequent,hot bush fires and theirinteraction with climate changeand climate change adaptationUncoordinated response topotential climate change effects onwater quantity among ripariancountriesUncoordinated response tointeractions among climatechange-induced sea-level rise andcoastal erosion, and high rates ofpopulation growth and coastaldevelopmentUSAID’s FtF program focuses onthe northern regions wheredonor activity is high; westernBrong-Ahafo and northern Voltaregions also exhibit high socialvulnerability to climate changeFarmers need stable and favorablecrop prices to make investmentsin commercial crop productionprofitable; otherwise they canbecome poorerSupport the completion and implementation of the Ghana NationalClimate Change StrategyIncrease focus in national climate change strategy on adaptationresponsesIncorporate climate change into town planning efforts (decreasingvulnerability, adopting low emissions development criteria)Support development of a national energy policy that includes climatechange mitigation and low emission strategies including advancedbiofuels development and capturing flared gasEncourage GoG to develop a national policy for integrated firemanagement and regionally-adapted policies that include traditionalpractices for managing wildland fires to protect soil quality, increaseforage quantity and quality, increase rates of reforestation andafforestation, and mitigate trends toward desertification in vulnerableareas (e.g., northern Ghana)Support development of a water allocation agreement among allriparian countries in the Volta River BasinSupport implementation of national and regional level coastaldevelopment plans that include adaptation strategies for sea-level rise(e.g., relocation of transportation, housing, and business zones) andnatural mitigation measures to slow coastal erosion (e.g., mangrovezones, sand mining restrictions)Consider a more targeted, district-based approach to implementingthe FtF program in places where it is most needed, and exploreexpansion to high vulnerability areas of neighboring Brong-Ahafo andVolta regionsEnsure a favorable policy environment for cash crop production FtFFtF, Edu, H&S, Dem/Gov,GenDem/Gov FtFFtF, Dem/Gov, GenFtF, Dem/GovDem/Gov, Edu, FtFFtFGHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 177
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
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precipitation changes is not very d
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AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
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would include concentrating access
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of transparency pervade the current
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alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
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affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
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Information and analysis needs for
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1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
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ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
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Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
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The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
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For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
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increases generally were projected
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Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
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parameter (temperature and precipit
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emission scenarios gives a decrease
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of finance and economic planning, f
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indigenous people and more recently
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Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
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SC. A New National Plantation Devel
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to be developed that provide rigoro
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LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
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ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
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TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
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the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
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Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
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North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
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Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
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over a longer period. With the risk
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LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
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Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
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MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
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Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
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Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
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Farmers who depend on annual rains
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Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
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Transportation networkChanging Crop
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Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
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POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
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Ghana is comprised of crop and live
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URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
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income; non-farm related enterprise
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6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
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DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
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In the National Action Plan to Comb
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significantly recovered by the late
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Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
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Source: US Geological Survey, (http
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Two other proximate causes of defor
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extreme, fire is essential in fire-
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gill nets constructed from traditio
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upwelling strength) involved in reg
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completely dominate trawl catches b
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have increased substantially due to
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CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
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(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
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METHODSAs described above, to asses
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Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
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Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
Page 137 and 138: lowest vulnerability of any distric
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
Page 141 and 142: Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
Page 143 and 144: Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
Page 145 and 146: Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
Page 157 and 158: people residing in thesee regions a
Page 159 and 160: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 161 and 162: from friends and family to get by d
Page 163 and 164: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
Page 165 and 166: At Mole National Park, managers exp
Page 167 and 168: ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
Page 169 and 170: (interview). An opportunity exists
Page 171 and 172: Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
Page 173 and 174: Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
Page 175 and 176: Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
Page 177 and 178: positive impacts, and has upset com
Page 179 and 180: Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
Page 181 and 182: effect. In the drier scenario, the
Page 183 and 184: Communities are, rightly or wrongly
Page 185 and 186: carbon sequestration and maintenanc
Page 187: Information and analysis needs for
Page 191 and 192: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
Page 197 and 198: Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
Page 199 and 200: Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
Page 201 and 202: Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
Page 203 and 204: Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
Page 205 and 206: Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
Page 207 and 208: MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
Page 209 and 210: Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
Page 211 and 212: Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
Page 213 and 214: Date Organization Interviewee Posit
Page 219 and 220: APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
Page 221 and 222: DP - contact person Activity Object
Page 229 and 230: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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