ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

S4a Cashew, sunflower, mango, jatropha, citronella grass,soybeans; Food – pineapple, maize, guinea corn,millet, yams, groundnuts, tomatoes; lowland soilssuitable for rice, sugarcane, vegetablesNo ErosiveS4b Forestry, watershed protection No Summits of limited areas of gravelly soils, moderately to veryshallow to parent rockShallow but associatedwith extensive areas ofS1a soilsS4c Forestry, watershed protection No Summits of limited areas of shallow to very shallow gravelly soils Shallow but associatedwith extensive areas ofS1b soilsS4d A mix of soils; some are suitable for mechanized,irrigated cultivation of crops such as maize guineacorn, millet, tomatoes, peppers, onions, okro; someonly for pasture; valley bottoms suitable for rice,sugarcane, and vegetablesS4e Cashew, sunflower, mango, jatropha, citronella grass,soybeans, pineapple, maize, guinea corn, millet, yams,groundnuts, tomatoes can be grown withmechanization but major inclusions of poorly drainedsoils only suitable for swamp rice or pastureLimited Deep, brown to gray brown, moderately well-drained sands tosandy loams; limited areas of gray, hard claypan soils and gray clayloam to clays in valley bottomsLimited Uplands of deep to very deep, red, well-drained non-gravellymedium textured soils with inclusions on the flat lowlands ofshallow, gray mottled brown, imperfectly to poorly drained, gravellysandy loams underlain by seepage iron pansInclusions of hardpansoils limit mechanicalcultivationLimited by inclusionsN1a Rice, sugarcane, vegetables No Deep, gray brown, imperfectly to very poorly drained sandy loamsto clay loams on levees and valley bottomsN1b Swamp rice, pasture No Groundwater laterites: gray sandy loams overlying gray mottledbrown gravelly clays underlain by iron pansPoor drainageWaterlogged in wetseasonN1c Rice, sugarcane, vegetables No Deep, heavy plastic clays on poorly drained lowlands Poor drainageN1d Grass pasture, early crops No Humus-stained upper layer over yellowish brown sandy loamunderlain by weakly developed sub-angular blocky structure,frequent to abundant ironstone concretions, imperfectly drainedShallow, erosive,boulder-strewn surfaceN2 Watershed protection No Shallow, gravelly soils over parent rock on steep slopes Iron pan boulders onrocky, steep slopesD1 Salt mining No Lagoon-derived alluvial soils, heavy plastic clays Seasonally flooded withbrackish water(Source: CSIR-Soil Research Institute, Kumasi)66 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT