ghana climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment

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5. PHYSIOGRAPHY,ECOLOGICAL ZONES, ANDLIVELIHOODSPHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONESLike most of the West African mainland, Ghana is largely flat or gently undulating and >50 percent of thecountry is 450-600m. The southwest part of the basin is bordered by the northwest to southwest trending Kwahu Plateau (animportant climatic and drainage divide in Ghana), which forms a natural part of the Ashanti Uplands. Thewestern part of the basin is bordered by the Akwapim-Togo ranges, which begin just north of Accra andstretch northeastward into Togo. The highest peak in Ghana, Mount Afadjato (885 m elevation) is situated inthe Akwapim-Togo Range along the eastern border. The lowest lying areas in Ghana occur in the middleVolta Basin and in a broad belt along the coast (Dickson and Benneh, 1988; Owusu-Ansah, 1994; MSE, 2002;Borrow and Demey, 2010). From a geographic perspective, the country can be sub-divided into severaldistinct regions: Low Plains, Ashanti Uplands, the Volta Basin, and the High Plains (Owusu-Ansah, 1994).LOW PLAINSThe Low Plains roughly parallel the coastline and can be divided into four subregions: the Coastal Savanna,the Accra-Ho-Keta Plains (including the Volta Delta), and the Akan Lowlands. A narrow strip of grassy andscrubby coast runs from a point near Takoradi in the west to the Volta River in the east. This coastal savanna,only about 8-km wide at its western end, stretches eastward of Accra through the Accra Plains, where itwidens to >80 km and terminates at the southeastern corner of the country at the lower end of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges (Owusu-Ansah, 1994).The Accra-Ho-Keta Plains begin near the southern terminus of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges near Accra andstretch north and eastward forming a large triangle in southeast of the country near the border with Togo.The Plains are almost flat and featureless and descend gradually from an inland height of about 150 m to theGulf of Guinea. East of Accra the Plains are marked by a succession of ridges and spoon-shaped valleys andjust west of Accra, the low plains contain wider valleys and rounded low hills with occasional rockyheadlands. In general, however, the land is flat and covered with grass and scrub and classified as savanna.The Volta Delta (or Keta Plains), which extends into the Gulf of Guinea in the extreme southeast of Ghana,forms a rather distinct subregion of the Low Plains. The rock formation of the Delta, consisting of thicklayers of sandstone, some limestone, and silt deposits, is flat, featureless, and relatively young. As the Deltafanned outward over time, sandbars developed across the mouths of the Volta and smaller rivers that emptyinto the Gulf in the same area, forming numerous, often large, lagoons (Owusu-Ansah, 1994).The largest part of the Low Plains is the Akan Lowlands, which lie to the west and north of the CoastalSavanna and Accra Plains. Some classify this region as a subdivision of the Ashanti Uplands because of themany characteristics they share. Unlike the uplands, however, the height of the Akan Lowlands is generallysea level to 150 m. Some ranges and hills rise to about 300 m, but few are >600 m. The lowlands that lie to52 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
the south of the Ashanti Uplands receive several rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea (Densu, Pra,Ankobara, and Tano rivers) (Owusu-Ansah, 1994).VOLTA BASINThe Volta Basin, lying in the central part of Ghana, covers about 45 percent of the country’s total landsurface. The Basin’s northern section, which lies above the upper part of Lake Volta, rises to a height of 150to 215 m above sea level. The western rim along the Konkori Scarp and northern rim along the GambagaScarp reach elevations of 300 to 460 m. To the south and the southwest, the basin is
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GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
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GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
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ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
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NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
Page 15 and 16: precipitation changes is not very d
Page 17 and 18: AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
Page 19 and 20: would include concentrating access
Page 21 and 22: of transparency pervade the current
Page 23 and 24: alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
Page 25 and 26: affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
Page 27 and 28: Information and analysis needs for
Page 29 and 30: 1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
Page 31: ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
Page 35 and 36: Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
Page 37 and 38: The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
Page 39 and 40: For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
Page 41 and 42: increases generally were projected
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
Page 45 and 46: parameter (temperature and precipit
Page 47 and 48: emission scenarios gives a decrease
Page 49 and 50: of finance and economic planning, f
Page 51 and 52: indigenous people and more recently
Page 53 and 54: Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
Page 55 and 56: SC. A New National Plantation Devel
Page 57 and 58: to be developed that provide rigoro
Page 59 and 60: LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
Page 61 and 62: ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
Page 63: TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
Page 69 and 70: North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
Page 71 and 72: Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
Page 73 and 74: over a longer period. With the risk
Page 75 and 76: LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
Page 77 and 78: Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
Page 79 and 80: MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
Page 81 and 82: Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
Page 83 and 84: Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
Page 85 and 86: Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
Page 87 and 88: Farmers who depend on annual rains
Page 89 and 90: Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
Page 91 and 92: Transportation networkChanging Crop
Page 93 and 94: Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
Page 95 and 96: POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
Page 97 and 98: Ghana is comprised of crop and live
Page 99 and 100: URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
Page 101 and 102: income; non-farm related enterprise
Page 103 and 104: 6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
Page 105 and 106: DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
Page 107 and 108: In the National Action Plan to Comb
Page 109 and 110: significantly recovered by the late
Page 111 and 112: Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
Page 113 and 114: Source: US Geological Survey, (http
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Two other proximate causes of defor
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extreme, fire is essential in fire-
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gill nets constructed from traditio
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upwelling strength) involved in reg
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completely dominate trawl catches b
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have increased substantially due to
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CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
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(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
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METHODSAs described above, to asses
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Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
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Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
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lowest vulnerability of any distric
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Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
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Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
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Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
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Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
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Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
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Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
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Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
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people residing in thesee regions a
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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from friends and family to get by d
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CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
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At Mole National Park, managers exp
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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
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(interview). An opportunity exists
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Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
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Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
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Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
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positive impacts, and has upset com
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Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
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effect. In the drier scenario, the
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Communities are, rightly or wrongly
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carbon sequestration and maintenanc
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Information and analysis needs for
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Table 11.1 Options for intervention
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Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
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Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
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Braimoh, A. and P. Vlek (2006). "So
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Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
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Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
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Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
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MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
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Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
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Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
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Date Organization Interviewee Posit
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APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
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DP - contact person Activity Object
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OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
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APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
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e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
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Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
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Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
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c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
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APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
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d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
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APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
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U.S. Agency for International Devel
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