Bard, F.X. <strong>and</strong> N.Y.N. Goran. 2001. Evolution of fishing effort of gill netting canoes targeting large pelagicfish in the Gulf of Guinea. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers, ICCAT 52, 483-487Bationo, A. <strong>and</strong> B. Ntare (2000). "Rotation <strong>and</strong> nitrogen fertilizer effects on pearl millet, cowpea <strong>and</strong>groundnut yield <strong>and</strong> soil chemical properties in a s<strong>and</strong>y soil in the semi-arid tropics, West Africa."The Journal of Agricultural Science 134(03): 277-284.Batse, Z.K.M. 2005. Upper East Region: Analysis of district data <strong>and</strong> implications for planning. In: Twum-Baah, K.A.; Kumekpor, T.K.B.; Addae-Mensah, I.; eds. 2000 Population <strong>and</strong> Housing Census. Accra:Ghana Statistical Services. Vol. 7 [of 10].Batse, Z.K.M. 2005. Upper West Region: Analysis of district data <strong>and</strong> implications for planning. In: Twum-Baah, K.A.; Kumekpor, T.K.B.; Addae-Mensah, I.; eds. 2000 Population <strong>and</strong> Housing Census. Accra:Ghana Statistical Services. Vol. 8 [of 10].Becker, M. <strong>and</strong> D. Johnson (2001). "Cropping intensity effects on upl<strong>and</strong> rice yield <strong>and</strong> sustainability in WestAfrica." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 59(2): 107-117.Belsky, J. M. <strong>and</strong> S. F. Siebert (2003). "Cultivating cacao Implications of sun-grown cacao on local foodsecurity <strong>and</strong> environmental sustainability." Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Human Values 20(3): 277-285.Benneh , G. 1970. The impact of cocoa cultivation on the traditional L<strong>and</strong> tenure system of the Akan ofGhana. Ghana Journal of Sociology. 6: 43-61.Benneh, G., <strong>and</strong> G. T. Agyepong. 1990. L<strong>and</strong> degradation in Ghana. Food Production <strong>and</strong> RuralDevelopment Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London, <strong>and</strong> Department of Geography<strong>and</strong> Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.Beinroth, F.H., Eswaran, H., Reich, P.F. <strong>and</strong> Van den Berg, E. 1994. L<strong>and</strong> related stresses in agroecosystems.In: Stressed Ecosystems <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Agriculture, eds. S.M. Virmani, J.C. Katyal, H. Eswaran <strong>and</strong> I.P.Abrol. New Delhi, India: Oxford <strong>and</strong> IBH.Binet, D. 1995. Hypothesis accounting for the variability of Sardinella abundance in the northern Gulf ofGuinea. Pages 98–133 in Dynamics <strong>and</strong> Uses of Sardinella Resources from Upwelling off Ghana <strong>and</strong>Côite d’Ivoire. F.X. Bard, <strong>and</strong> K.A. Koranteng, editors. ORSTOM Edition, Paris.Biney, C. A. 2010. Connectivities <strong>and</strong> linkages within the Volta Basin. Pages 81-105 in Proceedings of theGlobal Dimensions of Change in River Basins, Threats, Linkages, <strong>and</strong> Adaptations, University Club,Bonn, Germany. Global Water System Project, International Project Office, Bonn, Germany.Birkmann, J. <strong>and</strong> K. von Teichman (2010). "Integrating disaster risk reduction <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> <strong>adaptation</strong>:key challenges—scales, knowledge, <strong>and</strong> norms." Sustainability Science: 1-14.Blay, D., Appiah, M., Damnyag, L., Dwomoh, F.K., Luukkanen, O., Pappinen, A. (2008). Involving localfarmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana. EnvironmentDevelopment <strong>and</strong> Sustainability 10: 503-518.Blench, R. <strong>and</strong> M. Dendo (2007) Working paper: agricultural production <strong>and</strong> the potential for commoditychain expansion in the three northern regions of Ghana in 2006.Boateng, E. (2005). "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a decision support tool for l<strong>and</strong> suitability<strong>assessment</strong> for rice production in Ghana." West African Journal of Applied Ecology 7(1): 69-81.Boko, M. et al., 2007. Chapter 9: Africa. Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC: 441.Braimoh, A. <strong>and</strong> P. Vlek (2004). "The impact of l<strong>and</strong> cover <strong>change</strong> on soil properties in northern Ghana."L<strong>and</strong> Degradation & Development 15(1): 65-74.186 GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT
Braimoh, A. <strong>and</strong> P. Vlek (2006). "Soil quality <strong>and</strong> other factors influencing maize yield in northern Ghana."Soil use <strong>and</strong> management 22(2): 165-171.Braimah, L.I. 2001. Lake Volta Fisheries Management Plan. Fisheries Sub-sector Capacity Building Project.Ministry of Food <strong>and</strong> Agriculture.Braihmah, P. 2009. Lessons from previous experience of co-management initiatives in fisheries in Ghana.Report. Ghana, Accra. World Bank. XX p.Breisinger, C., X. Diao, et al. (2008). The Role of Cocoa in Ghana’s Future Development. Ghana StrategySupport Program Background Paper No. GSSP 0011. IFPRI.Breisinger, C., X. Diao, et al. (2008). Agriculture for development in Ghana: New opportunities <strong>and</strong>challenges. IFPRI Disucssion Paper. Washington, DC, Intl Food Policy Res Inst.Brooks, N. (2003). "Vulnerability, risk <strong>and</strong> <strong>adaptation</strong>: A conceptual framework." Tyndall Centre for ClimateChange Research Working Paper 38: 1–16.Brooks, N.; Adger, W.N.; Bentham, G.; Gnew, M.; Eriksen, Siri. 2004. New indicators of <strong>vulnerability</strong> <strong>and</strong>adaptive capacity. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Technical Report 7. January 2004.102p.Brown, O. <strong>and</strong> A. Crawford (2008). "Climate <strong>change</strong>: A new threat to stability in West Africa? Evidence fromGhana <strong>and</strong> Burkina Faso." African Security Review 17(3): 39-57.Campbell, M.O. 2006. The sustainability of coconut palm Cocos nucifera Linnaeus 1753 groves in coastalGhana. Journal of Coastal Research 22 (5), 1118–1124.Carter, T., R. Jones, et al. (2007). "New Assessment methods <strong>and</strong> the characterization of future conditions.Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation <strong>and</strong> Vulnerability." Contribution of Working Group II tothe Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 133-171.Caverivière, A. 1991. L’explosion démographique du baliste (Balistes carolinensis) en Afrique de l’ouest et sonévolution en relation avec les tendances climatiques. Pages 354–367 in P. Cury <strong>and</strong> C. Roy, editors.Variabilité, instabilité et <strong>change</strong>ment dans les pêcheries ouest africaines. Editions ORSTOM, Paris.Challinor, A., T. Wheeler, et al. (2007). "Assessing the <strong>vulnerability</strong> of food crop systems in Africa to <strong>climate</strong><strong>change</strong>." Climatic Change 83(3): 381-399.Challinor, A. J., F. Ewert, et al. (2009). "Crops <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong>: progress, trends, <strong>and</strong> challenges insimulating impacts <strong>and</strong> informing <strong>adaptation</strong>." Journal of Experimental Botany 60(10): 2775-2789.Chamberlin, J. (2007). Defining smallholder agriculture in Ghana: Who are smallholders, what do they do <strong>and</strong>how are they linked with markets? GSSP Background Paper 6. Accra.Chambers, R. 1970. The Volta resettlement experience. London, UK: Pall Mall Press.Clark, N. 1994. The Economy. In A Country Study: Ghana. L. V. Berry, editor. Library of Congress, CountryStudies. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Available:http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html, accessed April 2011Coastal Resource Center. 2010. [CRC 2010]. Our coast our future: building capacity for adapting to a rapidlychanging coastal zone. October 2010 Report. Nansurgent, RI <strong>and</strong> Sekondi, Ghana: Coastal ResourceCenter, University of Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong>. 64 p.Cury, P. 2004. Comparison of the Ivoiro-Ghanaian Fishery with other exploited upwelling systems of theworld. Pages 169-193 in Dynamics <strong>and</strong> Use of Sardinella Resources from Upwelling off Ghana <strong>and</strong>Ivory Coast. F.X. Bard <strong>and</strong> K.A. Koranteng, editors. Paris, OSTROM Editions.GHANA CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT 187
- Page 1 and 2:
GHANA CLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY A
- Page 3:
GHANACLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AN
- Page 7 and 8:
ACRONYMSCAADPCBOCCCDCSCEACEPFCFMCIC
- Page 9:
NGONCRCNREGNRMNTFPPAPAMSCPPGRCRAMSA
- Page 13 and 14:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCountries in Afric
- Page 15 and 16:
precipitation changes is not very d
- Page 17 and 18:
AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODSAgricult
- Page 19 and 20:
would include concentrating access
- Page 21 and 22:
of transparency pervade the current
- Page 23 and 24:
alternate energy sources (i.e., fos
- Page 25 and 26:
affecting carbon sequestration. Adv
- Page 27 and 28:
Information and analysis needs for
- Page 29 and 30:
1. INTRODUCTIONThe West African cou
- Page 31:
ABFigure 2.1 Two approaches to vuln
- Page 35 and 36:
Mean Annual Temperature (C)2928.528
- Page 37 and 38:
The UNDP-NSCP country-level climate
- Page 39 and 40:
For most eco-climatic zones, five-y
- Page 41 and 42:
increases generally were projected
- Page 43 and 44:
Table 3.2 Potential change in tempe
- Page 45 and 46:
parameter (temperature and precipit
- Page 47 and 48:
emission scenarios gives a decrease
- Page 49 and 50:
of finance and economic planning, f
- Page 51 and 52:
indigenous people and more recently
- Page 53 and 54:
Phase 1 REDD ReadinessConsultations
- Page 55 and 56:
SC. A New National Plantation Devel
- Page 57 and 58:
to be developed that provide rigoro
- Page 59 and 60:
LandownerTable 4.1 Land Ownership i
- Page 61 and 62:
ProblemTable 4.2 Problems Associate
- Page 63 and 64:
TENURE CONSIDERATIONS IN LIGHT OF C
- Page 65 and 66:
the south of the Ashanti Uplands re
- Page 67 and 68:
Figure 5.1 Ecological Zones of Ghan
- Page 69 and 70:
North latitude. Minia (2008) deline
- Page 71 and 72:
Table 5.1 Percentage of producer ho
- Page 73 and 74:
over a longer period. With the risk
- Page 75 and 76:
LAND SUITABILITYThe CSIR-Soil Resea
- Page 77 and 78:
Table 5.3 Crop Suitability by Soil
- Page 79 and 80:
MAJOR CROPSMAIZEMaize is the most i
- Page 81 and 82:
Source: Chamberlin, 2007, Figure 13
- Page 83 and 84:
Total area(ha)MangroveswampTable 5.
- Page 85 and 86:
Source: Chamberlin, 2007Figure 5.6
- Page 87 and 88:
Farmers who depend on annual rains
- Page 89 and 90:
Adjusting timing ofirrigationPricin
- Page 91 and 92:
Transportation networkChanging Crop
- Page 93 and 94:
Lower world food pricesAttitudes to
- Page 95 and 96:
POPULATION AND ECONOMYGhana contain
- Page 97 and 98:
Ghana is comprised of crop and live
- Page 99 and 100:
URBAN VERSES RURAL LIVELIHOODS 3Liv
- Page 101 and 102:
income; non-farm related enterprise
- Page 103 and 104:
6. VULNERABILITY TOCLIMATE CHANGETh
- Page 105 and 106:
DESERTIFICATION“Desertification
- Page 107 and 108:
In the National Action Plan to Comb
- Page 109 and 110:
significantly recovered by the late
- Page 111 and 112:
Source: Reich etal., 2001Figure 6.2
- Page 113 and 114:
Source: US Geological Survey, (http
- Page 115 and 116:
Two other proximate causes of defor
- Page 117 and 118:
extreme, fire is essential in fire-
- Page 119 and 120:
gill nets constructed from traditio
- Page 121 and 122:
upwelling strength) involved in reg
- Page 123 and 124:
completely dominate trawl catches b
- Page 125 and 126:
have increased substantially due to
- Page 127 and 128:
CategoryFishing effort andtechnolog
- Page 129 and 130:
(Binet, 1995). Even if the declinin
- Page 131 and 132:
METHODSAs described above, to asses
- Page 133 and 134:
Indicator DescriptionDistance fromd
- Page 135 and 136:
Indicator DescriptionUnimproveddrin
- Page 137 and 138:
lowest vulnerability of any distric
- Page 139 and 140:
Table 7.2 Social Vulnerability Inde
- Page 141 and 142:
Table 7.5 Incidence of poverty (per
- Page 143 and 144:
Table 7.6 Ghana District Names, Ref
- Page 145 and 146:
Figure 7.4 Percentage of district p
- Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.6 Percentage of female-hea
- Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.8 Percentage of the Distri
- Page 151 and 152: Figure 7.10 Percentage of District
- Page 153 and 154: Figure 7.12 Percentage of District
- Page 155 and 156: Figure 7.14 Percentage of total Dis
- Page 157 and 158: people residing in thesee regions a
- Page 159 and 160: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
- Page 161 and 162: from friends and family to get by d
- Page 163 and 164: CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATI
- Page 165 and 166: At Mole National Park, managers exp
- Page 167 and 168: ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE N
- Page 169 and 170: (interview). An opportunity exists
- Page 171 and 172: Upper West Region, 69.8 percent of
- Page 173 and 174: Brong-Ahafo Region that entails ref
- Page 175 and 176: Ghana Limited, 2009). Given the con
- Page 177 and 178: positive impacts, and has upset com
- Page 179 and 180: Basin (total area 416,382km 2 ) lie
- Page 181 and 182: effect. In the drier scenario, the
- Page 183 and 184: Communities are, rightly or wrongly
- Page 185 and 186: carbon sequestration and maintenanc
- Page 187 and 188: Information and analysis needs for
- Page 189 and 190: Table 11.1 Options for intervention
- Page 191 and 192: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
- Page 193 and 194: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
- Page 195 and 196: Barriers toAdaptation andMitigation
- Page 197: Amanor, K.S. 2001. Share contracts
- Page 201 and 202: Energy Commission. 2005. Strategic
- Page 203 and 204: Gyau-Boakye P., and Tumbulto J.W. 2
- Page 205 and 206: Koranteng, K.A. 1995. The Ghanaian
- Page 207 and 208: MSE (Ministry of Science and Agricu
- Page 209 and 210: Rubin, J.A.; Gordon, C.; Amatekpor,
- Page 211 and 212: Wagner, M.R. and Cobbinah, J.R., 19
- Page 213 and 214: Date Organization Interviewee Posit
- Page 215 and 216: Date Organization Interviewee Posit
- Page 217 and 218: Date Organization Interviewee Posit
- Page 219 and 220: APPENDIX 2. TEAM MEMBERSName Role B
- Page 221 and 222: DP - contact person Activity Object
- Page 223 and 224: DP - contact person Activity Object
- Page 225 and 226: DP - contact person Activity Object
- Page 227 and 228: DP - contact person Activity Object
- Page 229 and 230: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 231 and 232: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 233 and 234: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 235 and 236: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 237 and 238: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 239 and 240: OrganizationNameInstitutional objec
- Page 241 and 242: APPENDIX 5. SCENARIOS OF TEMPERATUR
- Page 243 and 244: e. RAIN FOREST ZONEBaseline Mean Te
- Page 245 and 246: Aug 191.5 16 12.0 -0.1 -0.5 -1.0 19
- Page 247 and 248: Feb 25.6 3 9.4 -9.1 -29.7 -58.9 23.
- Page 249 and 250:
c. TRANSITIONAL ZONEBaseline Mean T
- Page 251 and 252:
APPENDIX 8. SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN
- Page 253 and 254:
d. DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONEBaseline Me
- Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX 9. SCENARIOS OF MEAN SEA S
- Page 258:
U.S. Agency for International Devel