Literatura in cenzura - Društvo za primerjalno književnost - ZRC SAZU

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Literature and Censorship: Who is Afraid of the Truth of Literature?210NOTES1I would like to thank the British Academy for its support of the archival researchneeded to complete this essay, in particular at the Vatican Secret Archives and the archiveof the Jesuit Order in Rome. Abbreviations used: ACS: Archivio Centrale dello Stato,Rome; ARSI: Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Rome; ASV: Archivio Segreto Vaticano,Rome.2On the activities of the Press Office during the early years of the regime, see Canali.3The text of the circular can be found in Mussolini’s Opera Omnia, vol. 22, p. 469.4It should be clarified that the Vatican’s List of Prohibited Books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)was not recognized by the Italian state. Indeed, there were cases in which prestigiousFascist figures had been put on it, such as the poet and novelist Gabriele D’Annunzio(in 1928) and the philosopher Giovanni Gentile (in 1934).5ASV, AES Italia, p. 794, f. 389 “Colloqui importanti Mussolini-Nunzio.” Udienza 15gennaio 1930.6Indeed, we know that in this case Mussolini had first ordered the book to be returnedto the publisher so that the cover could be changed for a more acceptable one, with nomention of Alessandro Manzoni. It was only after the Vatican ambassador’s pressure thathe eventually agreed to a total ban. ACS, SPD, CO 209.651.7Prefect Leopoldo Zurlo is a good example of Mussolini’s decision not to “fascistize”the Italian police forces. A learned and witty gentleman, Zurlo had never shown any allegianceto Fascism and, indeed, most of his career had taken place before Fascism’s seizureof power. He had worked as secretary in Giovanni Giolitti’s liberal government of1912–14 and in Facta’s and Bonomi’s governments of 1921 and 1922.8Zurlo kept Mussolini’s note and published it in his memoirs. Also in Bonsaver (68–69).9Other causes of tension related to the Vatican’s hospitality and protection accordedto anti-Fascist Catholic leaders such as Alcide Degasperi. For example, on 15 April 1931Pius XI told the Italian ambassador (Cesare De Vecchi) in no uncertain terms that he hadno intention to stoop to Mussolini’s repeated demands to get rid of De Gasperi, who atthe time was working at the Vatican as a librarian. ACS, AES Italia, f. 389, Udienza 15aprile 1931.10Father Pietro Tacchi Venturi (S. Severino Marche 1861 – Rome 1956) was SecretaryGeneral of the Jesuit Order from 1914 to 1921, author of Storia della Compagnia di Gesù (3vol., 1910, 1922, 1951) and editor of Storia delle religioni (2 vol., 1934, 1936). A close collaboratorand a discreet diplomat working for the Vatican’s Secretary of State, he also directedthe section devoted to ecclesiastical affairs of the Enciclopedia Italiana. See Turi, Il mecenate.On 27 February 1928 there was a mysterious murder attempt at Tacchi Venturi. Documentsrelated to the event are held at ARSI, Fondo ‘P. Pietro Tacchi Venturi’, 1017–I, f.1010.11The articles in Osservatore romano were published on 22 and 26 April 1934. A long articleby another Catholic paper, Avvenire d’Italia, published on 7 March 1934, had already addressedthe historical inaccuracies of Benelli’s representation of Pope Sixtus IV. The Vaticanarchives reveal that a number of leaders of Catholic organizations were present at theRoman premiere of Caterina Sforza. Carlo Costantini, a militant Catholic that led a Dioceseof Rome committee on public morality, was there armed with a copy of the Mondadoriedition of the play (which contained the uncut version), accompanied by the chief editorof the Catholic paper Avvenire d’Italia and other editors from Osservatore romano. Costantinisubsequently sent a long report to the Vatican’s secretary of state. ASV, SS, Schedario, r.324 (1935), F.3, f. 132268. For his militant effort, Costantini was rewarded with a medal
Guido Bonsaver:Mussolini's Fascism, Literary Censorship, and the Vaticanfrom Pius XI on 5 February 1931 for his “services to the cause of morality and Religion”;on 23 November 1932 he was also given a “special Apostolic Blessing” from the pope(ASV, SS., r. 324, 1935, f. 3). See also Bonsaver, 64–75.12Copies of the telegram are in ACS, MI UC, In partenza, 2.41934. See also Bonsaver(95–103); Fabre (22–28).13It should be clarified, however, that almost all cases were related to books of dubiousmorality. More or less explicit anti-Fascism had already been uprooted from the Italianpublishing industry well before 1934. See Bonsaver (95–114). Catholic publications themselveswere not exempt. For example, the first volume of the Manuale di Azione Cattolica byMons. Luigi Civardi was seized in February 1935 despite the fact that it had been originallypublished in 1924 and had already seen eight uncontroversial reprints. Once more, FatherTacchi Venturi was asked to intercede. ASV, AES, f. 646. Documentation at ASV seemsto indicate that the Marietti publishing house, based in Turin and specializing in officialCatholic publications, was recurrently targeted by Ciano’s Press Office, sometimes despitethe nulla osta of the Turin Prefecture (ASV, AES, f. 615, f. 646).14Rome’s Historical Archive of the Jesuit order (ARSI) contains a substantial holdingof Tacchi Venturi’s private papers. However, the vast majority consists of simpleletters of recommendation that give a sense of the huge network of contacts centredaround his person (he even gave some tuition on the Christian faith to the daughter ofMargherita Sarfatti, Mussolini’s Jewish lover and close collaborator), but tell us littleabout his actual role as one of the Vatican’s major diplomats. More research on thissubject is needed.15At the opposite ends of this spectrum of opinion lie Renzo De Felice’s Storia degliebrei sotto il fascismo (Einaudi, 1961) and the more recent study by Giorgio Fabre, Mussolinirazzista (Garzanti, 2005).16On this see Bonsaver (169–213) and Fabre.17Bonsaver (193–94). With regard to the position of the Vatican regarding Fascist anti-Semitic policies in culture, it seems that, like most Italians, the Holy See decided to acceptthe situation without manifesting particular enthusiasm or disgust towards it. The currentstate of historical research, however, is still severely hampered by the fact that the files atASV related to the pontificate of Pius XII (which started in March 1939) remain unavailableto the public.WORKS CITEDBarbian, Jan-Pieter. Literaturpolitik im Dritten Reich. Institutionen, Kompetenzen, Betätigungsfelder.Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995.Bonsaver, Guido, and Robert Gordon, eds. Culture, Censorship and the State in TwentiethCentury Italy. Oxford: Legenda, 2005.Bonsaver, Guido. Literature and Censorship in Fascist Italy. Toronto: Toronto UniversityPress, 2007.Canali, Mauro. Cesare Rossi: Da rivoluzionario a eminenza grigia del fascismo. Bologna: Il Mulino,1984.Cannistraro, Philip V. La fabbrica del consenso: Fascismo e Mass-media. Bari and Rome: Laterza,1975.Cesari, Maurizio. La censura nel periodo fascista. Naples: Liguori, 1978.Decleva, Enrico. Mondatori. Milan: UTET, 1993.Fabre, Giorgio. L’elenco: Censura fascista, editoria e autori ebrei. Turin: Silvio Zamorani editore,1998.211
Page 1:
Literatura in cenzuraKdo se boji re
Page 5:
Marijan Dović:Literatura in cenzur
Page 9 and 10:
Marijan Dović:Literatura in cenzur
Page 11 and 12:
Totalitarna in post-totalitarnacenz
Page 13 and 14:
Marijan Dović:Totalitarna in post-
Page 16:
Literatura in cenzura: kdo se boji
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 27 and 28:
Stephan Packard:Model tekstualnega
Page 29:
Page 33:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38:
Page 43:
II.Kontroverze totalitarne cenzure
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 81 and 82:
Cenzura in dramske strategijev jugo
Page 83 and 84:
Aleksandra Jovićević: Cenzura in
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95:
III.Post-totalitarna cenzura
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 105 and 106:
Slačenje literarne zgodovine:cenzu
Page 107 and 108:
Andrej Zavrl:Slačenje literarne zg
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Obsojena pisatelja
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
O AVTORJIHSalah Salim Ali je študi
Page 158 and 159:
Breda Smolnikar, pisateljica in pre
Page 161 and 162: Literature and Censorship, Truthand
Page 163 and 164: Marijan Dović:Literature and Censo
Page 169 and 170: Totalitarian and Post-totalitarianC
Page 171 and 172: Marijan Dović:Totalitarian and Pos
Page 173 and 174: Marijan Dović:Totalitarian and Pos
Page 175: Marijan Dović:Totalitarian and Pos
Page 178 and 179: Literature and Censorship: Who is A
Page 202 and 203: II. Controversies of TotalitarianCe
Page 252 and 253: III.Post-totalitarian censorship
Page 262 and 263:
Literature and Censorship: Who is A
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 273 and 274:
Untimely Rewriting: Memoryand Self-
Page 275 and 276:
Peter Dunwoodie:Untimely Rewriting:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 297 and 298:
Words in FreedomSimona ŠkrabecBarc
Page 299 and 300:
Simona Škrabec:Words in Freedomnow
Page 301 and 302:
Simona Škrabec:Words in Freedomof
Page 303 and 304:
Simona Škrabec:Words in Freedoming
Page 305 and 306:
Simona Škrabec:Words in FreedomRea
Page 307 and 308:
Simona Škrabec:Words in Freedomrea
Page 309:
Convicted Writers
Page 312 and 313:
Page 315 and 316:
A Dream Napkin White as Snowon the
Page 317 and 318:
Breda Smolnikar:A Dream Napkin Whit
Page 319 and 320:
Louise L. Lambrichs is a French nov
show all

Literatura in cenzura - Društvo za primerjalno književnost - ZRC SAZU

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?