Literatura in cenzura - Društvo za primerjalno književnost - ZRC SAZU

Ideology, Censorship, andLiterature: Iraq as a Case StudySalah Salim AliAgder University, Kristiansand, Norwaysemiramis2005@yahoo.comIn the 1970s the ruling Baath party in Iraq adopted a policy of revisionism thatstressed the significance of rewriting Arab history to make it fit the Baathist ideologyadopted by the regime. To implement this policy, the government established a conceptand practice of intellectual “safety” that was exercised by all party and governmentdepartments and the educational system. Accordingly, censorship was used by theBaath regime as one of the effective means of achieving its political objectives. Thepaper discusses censorship in modern Iraqi history (from the British occupation in1914 to the Anglo-American invasion of 2003), linking up the three rather conflictingconstructs of ideology, censorship, and literature. The Baath Party’s censorshipis emphasized, as well as the impact it had on Iraqi literature, along with a briefaccount of the literary categories that were placed out of circulation during the periodsdescribed.Keywords: literature and censorship / Iraqi literature / Iraq / cultural politics / politicalhistory / ideology / nationalismUDK 821.411.21'06(567).09:351.751.5930.85(567)«1914/2003«Modern Iraq was created by Britain in 1921 in the wake of the destructionof the Ottoman Empire. The prevailing defining category during Ottomanrule had been religion, so status in Iraq was determined by both tribal andreligious ascendancy, while the majority of Iraqis were illiterate peasants.In the final decades of the Ottoman period, the Young Turks followed apolicy of Turkification, which entailed enforcing Turkish language use andclamping down on newly imported Western-style political freedoms. Thesepractices alienated the nascent Iraqi intelligentsia and laid the foundationfor both nationalist opposition and Ottoman censorship, which was arbitrary,blind, and parochial. This went so far as to censor a chemistry textbookbecause the censor interpreted the chemical symbol for water (H 2O)as “Abdul-Hameed II is nothing.” Significantly, under Ottoman rule Iraq’sethnic, sectarian, political, and religious divisions and rivalries were gener-213Primerjalna književnost (Ljubljana) 31. Special Issue (2008)