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later. Evidence that an increased TC is not strictlytroglomorphic comes from: 1) cave species with TC= 3-5-4-5 (T. kokoweef, shoshone, brevistyla, andthe cavernicole specimen of T. bifureata); and 2)epigean species with TC = 3-5-5-5 (T. fendi and theepigean population of T. longistyla). A TC of3-5-5-5 is therefore regarded as a synapomorphy forthe mulaiki subgroup (with a reversal in T. bi/obataand T. homi), with further increases in TC beingrelated to cave adaptation.20) Stylar apophysis (SA). The SA is absent inbifureata (Fig. 14) but appears to be represented inthe other Californian species (except possibly deserticola)as a weakly developed laterobasal carina(Figs. 28, 41). The SA is absent in the two speciesof the brevistyla subgroup (Figs. 54, 75), but is welldeveloped in the remaining species of the mulaikigroup, where it is typically produced into atooth-like process (Figs. 78, 84, 87, 96, 107, 117,121, 136, 161, 164, 168, 176, 180, 187,201). It isnot clear whether the SA is a synapomorphy for thekokoweef group plus the mulaiki group (with a reversalin the brevistyla subgroup) or whether theSA is independently derived (autapomorphic) in thetwo clades. Given the structural differences betweenthe two types of SA, the latter possibility seemsmore plausible.21) Stylar apophysis shape. The simplest formof the SA is found in T. kokoweef and T. shoshone(Figs. 28, 41). A more prominent SA, which bearsa tooth (reduced to a tubercle in T. hardeni, Fig.88), seems to be synapomorphic for the mulaikisubgroup. In the mulaiki infragroup (Figs. 96, 107)and T. longistyla (Fig. 78) the SA consists of a basaltooth and a lateral carina. The absence of a carinain the remaining species may be derived. Long,attenuated SA teeth are a synapomorphy for thespinoperea infragroup (Figs. 168, 176, 180, 187);here the unique SA in homi, consisting of arectangular lateral carina, appears to beautapomorphic (Fig. 201). A triangular, apicallyscrolled SA (which clips onto the PSL) is asynapomorphy for the reddelli infragroup (Figs.121, 136-147).22) Stylus shape. The stylus is compressed inthe bifureata group (Fig. 14), the kokoweef group(Figs. 26, 42, 45), and the longistyla infragroup(Figs. 78, 84). If this compressed state is plesiomorphic,then the tubular stylus in the brevistylasubgroup (Figs. 53, 54, 74, 75), the mulaikiinfragroup (Figs. 86, 87, 95, 96, 107, 108), thebi/obata infragroup (Figs. 116, 117), T. fendi (Fig.187) and T. homi (Fig. 201) could be consideredderived, as could the apically spatulate stylus in thereddelli subgroup (Figs. 121, 141, 147, 161, 164,168, 176, 180).23) Parastylar lobe (PSL) shape. The PSL ofBanksula are claw-like: curved and tapering to apoint (Fig. 5). Similar PSL are found in many speciesof Texel/a, including T. desertieola (Fig. 45),jungi (Fig. 67) and most species of the reddelli subgroup(Figs. 120, 136, 161, 163, 169, 177, 180)and suggest plesiomorphy. However, in T. bifureata(Fig. 15), the remaining two species of thekokoweef group (Figs. 27, 41), and T. brevistyla(Fig. 53) the PSL are attenuated and ribbon-like,suggesting that this is the plesiomorphic condition.The PSL in the longistyla and mulaiki infragroupsare lobe-like (a robust, rectangular lobe with folds;Figs. 77, 83, 86, 94, 108) and appear derived. Thethree additional forms of PSL in Texella [spiral inbrevistyla (Fig. 53), hooked claw in bi/obata (Fig.116), and vermiform infendi and homi (Figs. 187,198)] are regarded as autapomorphies.24) Mesal megaspines of palpal tibia. In Banksulaand most species of Texella the palpal tibia hasthree mesal megaspines (Fig. 10). The presence ofonly two megaspines in the longistyla and mulaikiinfragroups (Fig. 97) seems to be synapomorphic.The presence of two megaspines in desertieola andshoshone is regarded as a parallelism (autapomorphicfor the two species).25) Ventral plate (VP) setal length. The lateralsetae of the VP are short in Banksula and of moderatelength in all species of Texella (Figs. 15, 42-47,74-79, 81, 86, 94, 106, 120, 136) except the brevidentaand spinoperea infragroups, where they aredistinctly longer (Figs. 160-165, 169, 177, 181,186, 200).26) Apical spine (AS) tip. The apical spine issimple or bifurcate (Figs. 15, 29, 47, 63, 76, 79,82,87, 123, 148, 149, 151) [or, rarely, trifurcate inT. mulaiki (Fig. 102) and some specimens of T.reyesi (Fig. 150)] in all species except the brevidentaand spinoperea infragroups, where it is polyfurcateto plumose and considered a synapomorphy(Figs. 160-165, 170, 172, 179, 191, 198-200).27) Genital opercular (GO) spines. The apicalmargin of the GO is unmodified in most species. Inthe spinoperea infragroup the apical margin of thefemale GO bears a pair of spines (Figs. 173, 183) [2pairs in T. diplospina (Fig. 171) and a pair of blunttubercles in T. fendi (Fig. 194)] which are consideredsynapomorphic. A few additional species havea pair of apical tubercles: males and females of T.jungi (Figs. 64, 71) and T. shoshone (Fig. 38) andsome males of T. spinoperea (Fig. 181). The presenceof these modifications in the more distantly164