searchable PDF - Association for Mexican Cave Studies

so we reduced the data matrix from 92 to 44characters.In determining the polarity of character states wehave generally followed the five "rules of thumb"used by Shear and Gruber (1983): "I) occurrence inoutgroups speaks for plesiomorphy, 2) less differentiated,more homonomously patterned meristic charactersare plesiomorphic, 3) states resembling thosein juveniles are plesiomorphic, 4) characters consistentlycorrelated with others known to be apomorphicare likely themselves to be apomorphic, and (5)correlations between morphological and chronologicalorecological positions (as in the foregoing) areto be used with caution. "PHYLOGENY OF THE PROTOSCHIZOMIDAEThe Uropygi and Schizomida (superorder Camarostomata)differ from other members of the Arachnidea(Tetrapulmonata, Megoperculata) by numeroussynapomorphies. These include: fusion of thepedipalp coxae, posterior narrowing of the intercoxalregion, reduction or loss of a postcerebralpharynx, presence of 2-3 transverse bridges with 1-2fenestra on the endosternite, great elongation of thepatellae of leg J, presence of two well-developedtrichobothria distodorsally on leg tibiae I, singletrichobothrium on tibiae II-IV each, presence of pretarsaldepressor muscles originating from the posteriorwalls of patellae II-IV, absence of postgenitaleversible appendages, presence of a pygidial exocrinegland, presence of a multi-jointed pygidial flagellum,absence of a distinct middle piece on thespermatozoan axonome, female grasping of maleabdomen during mating, and the presence of aprenymph and four nymphal instars (Weygoldt andPaulus, 1979; Shear et aI., 1987; van der Hammen,1989; Shultz, 1990; Shultz, pers. comm.). Severalother characters are known to separate Uropygi andSchizomida from other Arachnidea, but their polaritieshave not been established. These characters arefound in spermatogenesis and spermatozoa morphology(Alberti and Palacios-Vargas, 1987).In order to better understand the relationshipswithin the Protoschizomidae, we first investigatedTable I.-Characters and presumed polarities for cladisticanalyses of selected taxa of the superorder Camarostomata. 0 =plesiomorphic; 1,2,3 = apomorphic.O. Heart segments V and VI well developed (0), prosomal heartsegements absent (I).I. Prodorsum not divided into pro-, meso-, and metapeltidia(0), divided (I).2. Anterior process absent (0), present (I).3. Anterior prodorsum without seta (0), with setae (I).4. Median eyes present (0), absent (I).5. No setal pairs on prodorsum (0), with pairs of setae (I).6. Two pairs stigmata in segments VID and IX (0), one pair inVIII (I).7. Eight pairs intestinal diverticula in the abdomen (0), with sixpairs (I).8. Anterior abdominal neuromeres absent (0), eight abdominalneuromeres present (I).9. Propeltidium and tergites without distinct setal pattern (0),with (I).10. Tergites without microsetae (0), tergites I-II with pairs ofmicrosetae (I).II. Pointed process on coxa 2 absent (0), present (i).i2. Unable to jump, femur IV not enlarged (0); able to jump,femur IV and its associated muscles enlarged (i).i3. Male flagellum divided into many segments (0), undivided(I).14. Cheliceral fixed digit with two teeth (0), with three teeth (I),with more than three teeth (2).15. Cheliceral sermla with rounded knobs (0), with hyaline teeth(I).16. Cheliceral brush absent (0), present (I).17. Row of two setae on anterior process (0), one seta (I), pairof setae followed by single seta on anterior process (2).18. No seta at base of anterior process (0), pair of setae (I).19. More than two pairs dorsal propeltidial setae (0), twoanteriorly placed setal pairs present (i), two widely spacedsetal pairs present (2).20. Pedipalps sexually dimorphic (0), not dimorphic (i).2!. Male and female pedipalps of approximaly equal length ascompared to the body length (0), male pedipalps longer(I).22. Pedipalpal trochanter not produced (0), slightly produced(I).23. Basitarsal-tarsal spurs symmetrical (0), slightly asymmetrical(I), asymmetrical (2).24. Femur IV less than 4.8 times longer than deep (0), more (I).25. Trochanter IV about 1/3 length of femur IV (0), about 1/2length (1,2).26. Tergite III with two setae (0), with four setae (I).27. Male sternites with scattered or irregular rows of setae (0),with two distinct rows of setae (I).28. Sternite VI long (0), short (I).29. Eight dorsoventral muscles (0), seven (i).30. Female flagellum with segments and articles (0), withsegments only (I), without segments or annuli (2).31. Female flagellum with position 2 annulus (0), annulus absent(I).32. Flagellar setal patterns same in both sexes (0), patternsdifferent (I).33. Dm2 seta not present on female flagellum (0), present (1,2).34. Dm2 seta not present on male flagellum (0), present (I).35. Vm4 setae present on male flagellum (0), absent (I).36. Dm4 seta present on female flagellum (0), absent (I).37. Male flagellum not expanded distally (0), expanded (1,2).38. Male flagellum with distinct stalk (0), without stalk (I).39. Male flagellum over 3x long as wide (0), less than 3x (1,2).40. Male flagellum distally rounded (0), laterally compresseddistodorsally (I).41. Microsetae at base of flagellum lobes (0), microsetae onlobes (I), microsetae absent (2).42. Spermathecae with one pair lobes with pits (0), one pairlobes without pits (I), two or more pairs lobes without pits(2).43. Receptaculum margins smooth without pits (0), smooth withpits (I), lobed with pits (2), saw-toothed with pits (3).34