ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPrimary thanks go to James R. Reddell, withoutwhose important collection of Texas cave harvestmenthis project would never have beenendeavored, <strong>for</strong> his help in locating the cavelocalities and providing in<strong>for</strong>mation on the habitatsof Texella, and <strong>for</strong> his hospitality and fieldassistance during a visit to Texas. Appreciation <strong>for</strong>assistance in field work is extended to Steven V.Fend and Saelon K. Renkes, who made possible atrip to Texas (<strong>for</strong> DU).Norman I. Platnick kindly loaned the AMNHholdings of Phalangodidae and made a special ef<strong>for</strong>tto make available unsorted material. Jonathan A.Coddington, James C. Cokendolpher, and WilliamA. Shear quickly responded to our request <strong>for</strong> specimens.W. Calvin Welbourn provided in<strong>for</strong>mationon the New <strong>Mexican</strong> cave localities. Willis J.Gertsch generously shared his unpublished in<strong>for</strong>mationon the distribution of Telemidae and othercavernicolous spiders.Many thanks go to Mary Ann Tenorio <strong>for</strong> invaluableassistance and expert advice on the SEM and<strong>for</strong> help in artistic matters, especially in the preparationof the diagram and maps. Thanks also go toSaelon K. Renkes <strong>for</strong> assistance in developing theSEM prints. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., is thanked <strong>for</strong>permission to use the research facilities at the CAS.Appreciation is extended to James C. Cokendolpher,Warren C. Rauscher, James R. Reddell,and William A. Shear <strong>for</strong> their helpful commentsand criticisms on a preliminary draft of this manuscript.The Exline-Frizzell Fund <strong>for</strong> ArachnologicalResearch, from the Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Academy of Sciences,defrayed the costs associated with use of thescanning electron microscope and the preparation ofplates.LITERATURE CITEDBriggs, T. S. 1968. Phalangids of the laniatorid genus Sitalcina(phalangodidae: Opiliones). Proc. Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad. Sci.,36:1-32.Briggs, T. S. 1974. Phalangodidae from caves of the SierraNevada (Cali<strong>for</strong>nia) with a redescription of the type genus(Opiliones: Phalangodidae). Occas. Pap. Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad.Sci., 108:1-15.Briggs, T. S. and K. Hom. 1972. A cavernicolous whipscorpionfrom the northern Mojave Desert, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia(Schizomida: Schizomidae). Occas. Pap. Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad.Sci., 98:1-7.Briggs, T. S. and D. Ubick. 1981. <strong>Studies</strong> on cave harvestmenof the central Sierra Nevada with descriptions of new speciesof Banksula. Proc. Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad. Sci., 42:315-322.Briggs, T. S. and D. Ubick. 1989. The harvestman familyPhalangodidae. 2. The new genus Microcina (Opiliones:Laniatores). J. Arachnol., 17:207-220.Brignoli, P. M. 1968. Note su Sironidae, Phalangodidae eTrogulidae italiani, cavernicoli ed endogei (Opiliones).Fragm. Entomol., 5:259-293.Davis, J. C. 1979. A faunal survey of Ezell's <strong>Cave</strong>, HaysCounty, Texas. Unpublished thesis. San Marcos: SouthwestTexas State University.Gertsch, W. J. 1974. The spider family Leptonetidae in NorthAmerica. J. Arachnol., I:145-203.Gertsch, W. J. 1984. The spider family Nesticidae (Araneae) inNorth America, Central America, and the West Indies. Bull.Texas Memorial Mus., 31: 1-91.Gertsch, W. J. 1992. Distribution patterns and speciation inNorth American cave spiders with a list of the troglobites andrevision of the cicurinas of the subgenus Cicurella. TexasMemorial Mus., Speleol. Monogr., 3:75-122Goodnight, C. J. and M. L. Goodnight. 1942. New Phalangodidae(Phalangida) from the United States. American Mus.Novitates, 1188:1-18.Goodnight, C. 1. and M. L. Goodnight. 1967. Opilionids fromTexas caves (Opiliones, Phalangodidae). American Mus.Novitates, 230I :1-8.Maddison, W. P. and D. R. Maddison. 1987. MacClade,version 2.1. A phylogenetics computer program distributedby the authors.Martens, J. 1972. Allsobskya athos, der erste Krallenweberknechtaus Greichenland. Senckenbergiana bioI.,53:431-440.Martens, J. 1978. Spinnentiere, Arachnida-Weberknechte,Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 64:1-464. Jena:Fischer.Martens, 1., U. Hoheisel, and M. GolZe. 1981. VergleichendeAnatomie der Legerohren der Opiliones als Beitrag zurPhylogenie der Ordnung (Arachnida). Zool. Jb. Anat.,105:13-76.Mitchell, R. W. and 1. R. Reddell. 1971. The invertebratefauna of Texas caves, pp. 35-90. In: E. L. Lundelius andB. H. Slaughter, eds., Natural history of Texas caves.Dallas, Texas: Gulf Natural History Press. 174 pp.Murphree, C. S. 1988. Morphology of the dorsal integument often opilionid species (Arachnida, Opiliones). J. Arachnol.,16:237-252.Reddell, 1. R. 1965. A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. I.The Invertebrata (exclusive of Insecta). Texas 1. Sci.,17(2):143-187.Shear, W. A. 1974. North American cave millipeds. II. Anunusual new species (Dorypetalidae) from southernCali<strong>for</strong>nia, and new records of Speodesmlls tllganbilLS(Trichopolydesmidae) from New Mexico. Occas. PapersCali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad. Sci.,112:1-9.Silberling, N. 1., D. L. Jones, M. C. Blake, Jr., and D. G.Howell. 1984. Lithoteclonic Terrane maps of the NorthAmerican Cordillera. U. S. Geol. Survey Open File Report84-523.Ubick, D. and T. S. Briggs. 1989. The harvestmen familyPhalangodidae. I. The new genus Calicina, with notes onSitulcina (Opiliones: Laniatores). Proc. Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Acad.Sci., 46:95-136.This is publication No. N.S.-60 of the Texas Memorial Museum.240
Chandler, D.S. 1992. The Pselaphidae (Coleoptera) ofTexas caves. Texas Mem. Mus., Speleol. Monogr., 3:.241-253.THE PSELAPHIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF TEXAS CAVESDonald S. ChandlerDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of New HampshireDurham, New Hampshire 03824ABSTRACTTwelve species of Pselaphidae have been found in Texascaves. Five species are true cavernicoles and are restricted tocaves in central Texas: Batrisodes grubbsi n. sp., B. reyesi n.sp., B. texanus n. sp., B. venyivi n. sp., and Texamauropsreddelli Barr & Steeves. Seven other species are probably foundonly near cave entrances, in litter washed into caves, or in debrisbrought in by rodents: B. uncicomis (Casey), B. clypeonotus(Brendel), B. globosus (LeConte), Cylindrarctus bicomisChandler, Tmesiphorus costalis LeConte, Hamotus electraePark, and Trimioarcus musamator n. sp. Batrisodes clypeonotusis associated with the ant, Camponotus americanus Mayr, basedon many collections from Oklahoma. Two new synonymies havebeen discovered concerning these species: B. schneiderensisPark is a junior synonym of B. uncicomis (Casey), and B.tridens Casey is a junior synonym of B. clypeonotus (Brendel).INTRODUCTIONPselaphids have been recorded from caves since1855 when Machaerites spelaeus Miller was describedfrom a cave at Struge, Yugoslavia. Sincethen the European pselaphid cave fauna has beenextensively documented by a number of authors,while the North American fauna has been treatedonly recently (Park, 1951, 1956, 1960). The firstpselaphid described from a Texas cave wasBatrisodes schneiderensis Park (1960), based on asingle female from Schneider Ranch <strong>Cave</strong> in KendallCounty. Four years later a second species wasadded, Texamaurops reddelli Barr and Steeves(1963), based on a single female from Kretschmarr<strong>Cave</strong> in Travis County. In the only other paperdealing with pselaphids from Texas caves, Barr(1974) figured the aedeagus of a specimen from InnerSpace <strong>Cave</strong>rns believed to be the male of T. reddelli,but is here recognized as a new species, Batrisodestexanus. Texamaurops reddelli is now aregistered endangered species listed as the "Kretschmarr<strong>Cave</strong> mold beetle" (Chambers and Jahrsdoerfer,1988).Twelve species are listed from Texas caves in thispaper. Five species appear to be true cavernicolesbased on their reduced eyes and longer than typicallegs and antennae, and are only known from thekarst region of the Edwards Plateau in centralTexas: Batrisodes grubbsi n. sp., Batrisodes reyesin. sp., Batrisodes texanus n. sp., Batrisodes venyivin. sp., and Texamaurops reddelli. The other sevenspecies are free-living or myrmecophilous, includingthree species of Batrisodes: the myrmecophile clypeonotus(Brendel), the free-living troglophile uncicornis(Casey) (=schneiderensis Park), and globosus(LeConte). The free-living Hamotus electraePark was described from Veracruz, Mexico, and ishere recorded <strong>for</strong> the first time in the United Statesfrom Texas in caves and at ultra-violet light. Tmesiphoruscostalis LeConte has been collected with ants241
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PREFACEThe present volume is the se
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TABLE OF CONTENTSHOLSINGER, JOHN R.
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the state of Coahuila in northern M
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Fig. 2.-Anesia welboumi, new specie
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\\. \ - -' ..........---~\ I// --..
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Mexiweckelia hardeni, new speciesFi
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2 sets of 1 or 2 setae each; dactyl
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AFig. 7.-Holsingerius smaragdinus,
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have as many setae on the inner pla
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Antenna 1 about 33 % length of body
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Of biogeographic interest for the h
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Bowman, T .E. 1992. Two subterranea
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A note by Scott Harden that accompa
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~~..~ ~~ I))\\ "-,'.=bFig. 3.-Speoc
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unarmed, except in pleopod 2, which
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Cokendolpher, LC., and l.R. Reddell
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lobes. The larger setae vary greatl
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the relationships of the order and
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zomids their absence is considered
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some species could be either split,
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have small pores over the surface o
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inhabits tropical deciduous forest
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huitvnolotitlensis from A. stygius
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8-10, figs. 5-7; Rowland, 1973c:136
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(in row) and one pair large posteri
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(0.34); tarsus 0.64 (0.58); total 4
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Abdomen: Tergite I with two pairs a
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setae near posterior margin. stemit
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setae, and ten ventral setae. Stemi
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1,980 m elev., 26 Dec. 1986 (T. Tre
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asitarsal-tarsal proportions: 15:4:
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and one pair setae at base of proce
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Cephalothorax: Propeltidium 1.66 mm
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Male adult unknown.Immature paratyp
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IV: trochanter 1.20 (1.10); femur 3
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Cokendolpher, 1.C. 1981. The order
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Gertsch, W.J. 1992. Distribution pa
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same families and genera, but also
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species from the United States and
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the posterior median pair short and
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great many species of North America
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Key to the Eyed Females1. Eight eye
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39111012Figs. 1-12.-Ventral and dor
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1419 23Figs. 13-24.-Ventral and dor
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27 293334Figs. 25-36.-Ventral and d
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Figs. 37-48.-Ventral and retrolater
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Cicurina blanco, new speciesFigs. 7
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Type-data.-Female holotype from ins
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Description.-Female holotype: Lengt
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Description.-Female holotype: Lengt
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lengths: first femur 2 rom, fourth
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Cicurina pablo, new speciesFigs. 10
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Description.-Female holotype: Lengt
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canal in nearly vertical posItion;
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Cicurina vespera, new speciesFigs.
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procurved canal across sac; connect
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Cicurina caverna, new speciesFigs.
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with sac of similar size set in obl
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February 1964 (J. Reddell, D. McKen
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County: Diamond Cave, 16 August 196
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Roth, V.D. 1992. A new and first tr
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LITERATURE CITEDBarr, T.C. 1963. Ec
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Muchmore, W.B. 1992. Cavernicolous
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Species of Aphrastochthonius are kn
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FAMILY NEOBISIIDAE CHAMBERLINGenus
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trochanter 2.5 (2.6), femur 5.55 (5
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ottom of entrance pit, Ogle Cave (O
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tactile seta on tibia and basitarsu
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Missouri may be conspecific (unpubl
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Trichobothriotaxy of chela generall
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Female (figures given first for all
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transverse furrows; eyespots not ev
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Reddell and W. Russell); I female f
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and Acuminochernes, along with the
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Chamberlin, J.C. 1946. The genera a
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(0.36); chela (without pedicel) 2.0
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although not recently studied is no
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and stylar outgrowths, present in s
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in Phalangodes (et al.) is thick an
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pairs) are found in six species: T.
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elated species IS probably best int
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legs than expected (2.6-3.2). This
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~ 3.3 are synapomorphic); all trogl
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TAXONOMYTEXELLA Goodnight and Goodn
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14. BK absent (Figs. 177, 180). SA
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Figs. 8-11.-Texella bijUrcata (Brig
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Description.-Total body length, 1.5
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male examined closely has fewer set
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Figs. 26-29.-Texella kokoweej, new
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apical region which loses the apica
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Figs. 38-41.-Texella shoshone, new
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Distribution.-Known only from the t
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- Page 233 and 234: Table 3.-Continued.# locality sex S
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- Page 237 and 238: Figs. 162-165.-Texella gmbbsi, new
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- Page 243 and 244: Figs. 178-18\.-Teulla spinoperca, n
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- Page 249: CLASSIFICAnONTexellabifurcata group
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