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Sprouse, P.S. 1982. Mexico news: Hidalgo: "The village ofPinalito, Hidalgo..." Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. News!., no.12, pp. 3-4.Sprouse, P.[S.] 1985. Proyecto Espeleologico Purificacion 19841985. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Activities News!., no.15:34-46.Sprouse, P.[S.], and T. Sprouse. 1985. Sotano de San Marcos.Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Activities News!., no. 15:76-81,2 maps.Sprouse, T. 1985. Sotano de San Marcos. Texas Caver,30:37-38.Sprouse, T., P.[S.] Sprouse, and C. Vesely. 1987. Cueva delTecolote. Assoc. Mexican Cave Stud. Activities News!., no.16:94-99.van der Hammen, L. 1986. Comparative studies in ChelicerataIV. Apatellata, Arachnida, Scorpionida, Xiphosura. Zoo!.Verhand!., no. 226, 52 pp.van der Hammen, L. 1989. An introduction to comparativearachnology. SPB Academic Pub!., Hague, x + 576 pp.Weygoldt, P. 1971. Notes on the life history and reproductivebiology of the giant whip scorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus(Uropygi, Thelyphonidae) from Florida. J. Zoo!., London,164:137-147.Weygoldt, P., and H.F. Paulus. 1979. Untersuchungen zurMorphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata II.Cladogramme und die Entfaltung der Chelicerata. Z. zoo!.Syst. Evolut.-forsch., 17: 177-200.This.is publication No. N.S.-56 of the Texas Memorial Museum.74
Gertsch, W.J. 1992. Distribution patterns and speciation in North American cave spiders with a list of the troglobites and revision ofthe cicurinas of the subgenus Cicurella. Texas Mem. Mus., Speleol. Monogr., 3:75-122.DISTRffiUTION PATTERNS AND SPECIATION IN NORTH AMERICANCAVE SPIDERS WITH A LIST OF THE TROGLOBITESAND REVISION OF THE CICURINAS OF THE SUBGENUS CICURELLAWillis J. Gertsch!Curator Emeritus, Department of EntomologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, New YorkABSTRACTThe cave spiders of North America are discussed, withspecial emphasis on the distribution of troglobitic species. Listsare provided for the troglobitic spiders of the three principalregions in North America. The Appalachian region contains 18species in four genera and four families. California contains aminimum of 20 species in seven genera and five families. TheTexas fauna includes 61 species in four genera and four families.The cicurinas are sedentary spiders that spin funnel webs andtangled lines of dry silk in and under surface detritus and inground openings and caves. Cicurina is mostly an Americangenus with numerous species in most parts of North America anda few representatives in Japan, Korea, and Europe; the Europeanspecies Cicurina cicur (Fabricius) is the type of the genus. Thepresent paper deals only with the taxa assigned to the subgenusCicurella by Chamberlin and Ivie in 1940, which comprises aseries of mostly small forms derived from standard eight-eyedtypes of which many are progressively losing or have lost theireyes. A few typical cicurellas with eight or six eyes occur inArkansas and adjacent states as well as in Texas. Eyeless speciesso far are known mainly from Texas and most of these fromcaves in the Edwards Plateau region. A single eyeless Cicurellais found in Alabama and a few have been found in Mexico. Thecicurellas can be characterized as a derivative American groupfeaturing small size and loss of eyes nurtured in a special epigeanand cavernicole habitat.ICurrent address: P. O. Box 673, Douglas, AZ 85608DISTRmUTION AND SPECIAnON INNORTH AMERICAN CAVE SPIDERSSpiders have exploited the monotonous securityof the cave habitat with some success and act thereas predators of crawling and flying invertebrates.They enter all parts of caves and use them as transitory,semipermanent or permanent habitations.During many years I have been bringing togetherdata on cave spiders from all parts of this countrywith the following results. More than 400 speciesbelonging to 28 or more families have penetratedcaves to variable distances and spend part or all oftheir lives there. This motley assemblage includedbig-eyed diurnal hunting spiders that depend onsight for their hunting and presumably could notexist long in caves. Many of the others are notbound by deep ties and move freely in caves andoutside habitats that offer suitable conditions. Thepresent discussion is concerned largely with spidersof the United States that seem to be obligative cavernicoles,that is those that live in caves andpresumably cannot survive outside for long.Information on such taxa is available only fromscattered publications so I have prepared a general75
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PREFACEThe present volume is the se
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TABLE OF CONTENTSHOLSINGER, JOHN R.
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the state of Coahuila in northern M
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Fig. 2.-Anesia welboumi, new specie
Page 16 and 17:
\\. \ - -' ..........---~\ I// --..
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Mexiweckelia hardeni, new speciesFi
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2 sets of 1 or 2 setae each; dactyl
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AFig. 7.-Holsingerius smaragdinus,
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have as many setae on the inner pla
Page 28:
Antenna 1 about 33 % length of body
Page 31 and 32:
Of biogeographic interest for the h
Page 33 and 34: Bowman, T .E. 1992. Two subterranea
Page 35 and 36: A note by Scott Harden that accompa
Page 37 and 38: ~~..~ ~~ I))\\ "-,'.=bFig. 3.-Speoc
Page 39 and 40: unarmed, except in pleopod 2, which
Page 41 and 42: Cokendolpher, LC., and l.R. Reddell
Page 43 and 44: lobes. The larger setae vary greatl
Page 45 and 46: the relationships of the order and
Page 47 and 48: zomids their absence is considered
Page 49 and 50: some species could be either split,
Page 51 and 52: have small pores over the surface o
Page 53 and 54: inhabits tropical deciduous forest
Page 55 and 56: huitvnolotitlensis from A. stygius
Page 57 and 58: 8-10, figs. 5-7; Rowland, 1973c:136
Page 59 and 60: (in row) and one pair large posteri
Page 61 and 62: (0.34); tarsus 0.64 (0.58); total 4
Page 63 and 64: Abdomen: Tergite I with two pairs a
Page 65 and 66: setae near posterior margin. stemit
Page 67: setae, and ten ventral setae. Stemi
Page 71 and 72: 1,980 m elev., 26 Dec. 1986 (T. Tre
Page 73 and 74: asitarsal-tarsal proportions: 15:4:
Page 75 and 76: and one pair setae at base of proce
Page 77 and 78: Cephalothorax: Propeltidium 1.66 mm
Page 79 and 80: Male adult unknown.Immature paratyp
Page 81 and 82: IV: trochanter 1.20 (1.10); femur 3
Page 83: Cokendolpher, 1.C. 1981. The order
Page 87 and 88: same families and genera, but also
Page 89 and 90: species from the United States and
Page 91 and 92: the posterior median pair short and
Page 93 and 94: great many species of North America
Page 95 and 96: Key to the Eyed Females1. Eight eye
Page 97 and 98: 39111012Figs. 1-12.-Ventral and dor
Page 99 and 100: 1419 23Figs. 13-24.-Ventral and dor
Page 101 and 102: 27 293334Figs. 25-36.-Ventral and d
Page 103 and 104: Figs. 37-48.-Ventral and retrolater
Page 105 and 106: Cicurina blanco, new speciesFigs. 7
Page 107 and 108: Type-data.-Female holotype from ins
Page 109 and 110: Description.-Female holotype: Lengt
Page 113 and 114: lengths: first femur 2 rom, fourth
Page 115 and 116: Cicurina pablo, new speciesFigs. 10
Page 119 and 120: canal in nearly vertical posItion;
Page 121 and 122: Cicurina vespera, new speciesFigs.
Page 123 and 124: procurved canal across sac; connect
Page 125 and 126: Cicurina caverna, new speciesFigs.
Page 127 and 128: with sac of similar size set in obl
Page 129 and 130: February 1964 (J. Reddell, D. McKen
Page 131 and 132: County: Diamond Cave, 16 August 196
Page 133 and 134: Roth, V.D. 1992. A new and first tr
Page 135 and 136:
LITERATURE CITEDBarr, T.C. 1963. Ec
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Muchmore, W.B. 1992. Cavernicolous
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Species of Aphrastochthonius are kn
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FAMILY NEOBISIIDAE CHAMBERLINGenus
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trochanter 2.5 (2.6), femur 5.55 (5
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ottom of entrance pit, Ogle Cave (O
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tactile seta on tibia and basitarsu
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Missouri may be conspecific (unpubl
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Trichobothriotaxy of chela generall
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Female (figures given first for all
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transverse furrows; eyespots not ev
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Reddell and W. Russell); I female f
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and Acuminochernes, along with the
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Chamberlin, J.C. 1946. The genera a
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(0.36); chela (without pedicel) 2.0
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although not recently studied is no
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and stylar outgrowths, present in s
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in Phalangodes (et al.) is thick an
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pairs) are found in six species: T.
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elated species IS probably best int
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legs than expected (2.6-3.2). This
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~ 3.3 are synapomorphic); all trogl
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TAXONOMYTEXELLA Goodnight and Goodn
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14. BK absent (Figs. 177, 180). SA
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Figs. 8-11.-Texella bijUrcata (Brig
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Description.-Total body length, 1.5
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male examined closely has fewer set
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Figs. 26-29.-Texella kokoweej, new
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apical region which loses the apica
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Figs. 38-41.-Texella shoshone, new
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Distribution.-Known only from the t
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Figs. 52-55.-Texella brevistyla, ne
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Texellajungi, new speciesFigs. 60-7
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Figs. 66-69.-Texellajungi, new spec
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than S; SA with laterobasal carina
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~81//J/'/ ;'?/ ~~.........--~~I, II
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cylindrical, retina and cornea abse
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Figs. 93-96.-Texella cokendolpheri,
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SA with well developed prong and re
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Figs. 105-108.-Texelia mulaiki Good
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and McCarty Caves, which are known
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Color orange. Body of medium rugosi
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Notes.-The type locality was errone
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Figs. 128-131.-Taella reyesi, new s
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Figs. 136-139.-Texella reyesi, new
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1989 (W. Elliott, J. Reddell, and M
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Table 3.-Continued.# locality sex S
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mesoapical; patella, 2 mesal; tibia
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Figs. 162-165.-Texella gmbbsi, new
Page 239 and 240:
Figs. 166-169.-Texella diplospina,
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Figs. 174-177.-Texella renkesae, ma
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Figs. 178-18\.-Teulla spinoperca, n
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Distribution.-Known only from Fayet
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Figs. 190-193.-Texellafendi, new sp
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CLASSIFICAnONTexellabifurcata group
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Chandler, D.S. 1992. The Pselaphida
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Key to Species1. Abdominal segments
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stemite VI slightly impressed at ba
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vertexal carinae, and the laterally
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is associated with rotten woods (Ch
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small ventral carina near base, pro
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Grigarick, A.A., and R.O. Schuster.
Page 266 and 267:
Cicurifla (Cicurella) holsiflgeri G
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