Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages (Oxford ... - Cryptm.org

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HEAD-TO-HEAD MERGE IN BALKAN SUBJUNCTIVES 47(6) a. An anaphor is bound in its governing category. (principle A)b. B is bound by a iff B is coindexed with a and a c-commands Bc. The governing category of 6 is the minimal category containing B,the governor of 6 and a subject.2.3. Underspecified pronouns and contextual anaphorsAccording to Borer (1989), the status of anaphor is assigned not to an empty category,but rather to a certain kind of Agr (i.e., to the verbal inflections thatidentify empty subjects). This is problematic if we assume the GB theory ofbinding, according to which only elements occupying A positions are subject tobinding principles. Thus, even if anaphoric features were marked on agreementmorphemes or on clitics (see se/si in Romance), the constraint imposed byprinciple A would hold for the empty category identified by Agr (or by clitictraces), because it is the empty category itself rather than its antecedent that occupiesan A position. Restated in this way, Borer's idea is vital for the Balkandata, in which the controlled subject is identified by Agr features.The analysis to be developed below, however, differs from Borer's proposaland comes close to that of Bouchard (1984), insofar as it assumes that acontrolled element is not intrinsically marked as an anaphor but rather has thestatus of a contextual anaphor. The notion of contextual anaphor presupposesthe existence of pronominal elements that are underspecified with respect to theiranaphoric or pronominal status. A case in point is provided by French reflexives(the same is true of the other Romance languages):(7) a. Je- t rncj lave e- L .I me washT wash myself.'b. Tii; mej laves e^.You me wash'You wash me.'c. Jea/ij sej lave e- vJohn se wash'John washes himselfd. * Tu; sej laves e- ryou se washIn (7a), but not in (7b), me (this is true of all first and second person object clitics)is bound in its governing category; this means that me is an anaphor in(7a) and a pronoun in (7b). To assume distinct intrinsic features ("anaphoric" vs"pronominal") for me in (7a) and (7b) seems entirely stipulative; it seems moresatisfactory to say that me is underspecified, its anaphoric or pronominal statusbeing contextually determined: in (7a) principle A is obeyed, and this assigns an
48 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINanaphoric status to me, whereas in (7b) principle A is violated, and this assignsa pronominal status to me. Compare the case of se, which is inherently markedas an anaphor and as such must obey principle A ((7d) is ruled out because itviolates principle A).The distinction between contextual and intrinsic anaphors is particularlyclear if we consider their relation to principle A. This principle has the status ofa well-formedness condition on intrinsic anaphors; contextual anaphors, on theother hand, are not constrained by this principle but rather are defined by it. In(8), the term "pronoun" is used in the grammatical sense, that is, "an elementthat stands for a nominal expression"; it is neutral with respect to the GBdistinction between pronouns and anaphors:(8) A contextual anaphor is a pronoun that obeys principle A.Let us now come back to the null subjects of subjunctives in Balkan languages.Clearly, they differ from se and behave much like me/te:(9) a. Vreau pro- t sa piece pro; maine. Rom[I] want sa leave-3SG/PL.SUBJ tomorrow'I want him/her/them to leave tomorrow.'b. Eu a!j vrea ca lonj sa piece maine, darI would like that John sa leave-3SG.SUBJ tomorrow, butMaria; vrea neaparat sa piece P ro i/j poirndine.Mary wants very much sa leave-3SG.SUBJ after tomorrow'I would like John to leave tomorrow, but Mary wantsvery much him/her to leave the day after tomorrow.'c. Eu a§ vrea ca loiij sa plece maine, darI would like that John sa leave-3SG.SUBJ tomorrow, butMaria; m -a convins caMary me-CL.ACC have-3SG convince-PART thattrebuie sa piece P ro i/j poirndine.must sa leave-3SG.SUBJ after tomorrow'I would like John to leave tomorrow, but Mary convinced me thathe/she must leave the day after tomorrow.'(10) a. Dua pro i re shkoje pro; neser. Alb(I) want te leave-3SG tomorrow.T want him/her to leave tomorrow.'b. Une do doja qe Beni te shkoje neser.I would like that Beni te leave-3SG tomorrow'I would like Beni to leave tomorrow.'(11) Qdo nu fiyunefiyune. Grk[I] want na leave-3PLI want them to leave.'
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Comparative Syntax of Balkan Langua
Page 4 and 5: Comparative Syntax ofBalkan Languag
Page 6 and 7: Contents1 Introduction 3Maria Luisa
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Page 11 and 12: 4 MARIA LU1SA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
Page 13 and 14: 6 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
Page 15 and 16: 8 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
Page 17 and 18: 10 MARIA LUIS A RIVERO AND ANGELA R
Page 19 and 20: 12 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RA
Page 25 and 26: 18 BRIAN D. JOSEPHsubjects are perm
Page 27 and 28: 20 BRIAN D. JOSEPH(1) Pan-Balkan Cl
Page 29 and 30: 22 BRIAN D. JOSEPHd. Alb perpiqem t
Page 31 and 32: 24 BRIAN D. JOSEPHIf similarities i
Page 33 and 34: 26 BRIAN D. JOSEPHdepends on what o
Page 35 and 36: 28 BRIAN D. JOSEPHe. introducer of
Page 37 and 38: 30 BRIAN D. JOSEPHi." Mi ta xerja s
Page 39 and 40: 32 BRIAN D. JOSEPHspecial propertie
Page 41 and 42: 34 BRIAN D. JOSEPHc. *John did defi
Page 43 and 44: 36BRIAN D. JOSEPH(14)PositiveNegati
Page 45 and 46: 38 BRIAN D. JOSEPHthe German term n
Page 47 and 48: 40 BRIAN D. JOSEPH28. I find Zwicky
Page 49 and 50: 42 BRIAN D. JOSEPHJoseph, B. D. 199
Page 51 and 52: 3Head-to-Head Mergein Balkan Subjun
Page 53: 46 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN2.1. Contro
Page 57 and 58: 50 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. E greu s
Page 59 and 60: 52 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINconfigurati
Page 61 and 62: 54 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(19) a. Jua
Page 63 and 64: 56 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. Doresc c
Page 65 and 66: 58 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(27)In orde
Page 67 and 68: 60 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. *Bonibel
Page 69 and 70: 62 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINOne may won
Page 71 and 72: 64CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(d)Neg has a
Page 73 and 74: 66 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(43) a. Ion
Page 75 and 76: 68 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(47) A feat
Page 77 and 78: 70 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINand NP rais
Page 79 and 80: 72 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINReferencesA
Page 81 and 82: 4Control and Raisingin and out of S
Page 83 and 84: 76 ANNA ROUSSOUb. Voglio an da re.
Page 85 and 86: 78 ANNA ROUSSOUlatridou (1993) cons
Page 87 and 88: 80 ANNA ROUSSOUignore the propertie
Page 89 and 90: 82 ANNA ROUSSOU2.2. Mood and comple
Page 91 and 92: 84 ANNA ROUSSOU(1992b), namely the
Page 93 and 94: 86 ANNA ROUSSOUpurposes it suffices
Page 95 and 96: 88 ANNA ROUSSOUextend to raising pr
Page 97 and 98: 90 ANNA ROUSSOULet us now go back t
Page 99 and 100: 92 ANNA ROUSSOU(33) Ta pedja fenond
Page 101 and 102: 94 ANNA ROUSSOU(37) a. I tried (*fo
Page 103 and 104: 96 ANNA ROUSSOU(41) O Janis deli (i
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98 ANNA ROUSSOURoberts (1996) argue
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100 ANNAROUSSOU7. Sportiche (1997)
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102ANNAROUSSOUChomsky, N. 1986. Bar
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104 ANNAROUSSOURoberts, I. 1996. "T
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106 ILIYANA KRAPOVAterms of binding
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108 ILIYANA KRAPOVAsubset (as in (4
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110 ILIYANA KRAPOVAstrictly differe
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112 ILIYANA KRAPOVA2.3. PRO subject
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114 ILIYANA KRAPOVAThe fact that co
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116 ILIYANA KRAPOVAadverb vcera 'ye
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118 ILIYANA KRAPOVAillustrated in (
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120 ILIYANA KRAPOVA(34) a. Iskain d
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122 ILIYANA KRAPOVAmovement of na+V
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124 ILIYANA KRAPOVA13. It has been
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126 ILIYANA KRAPOVARivero, M. L. 19
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128 DALINA KALLULLIprcsuppositional
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130 DALINA KALLULLImoment, let us j
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132 DDALINAKALLULLIb. den pijeno me
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134 DALINA KALLULLId. What did Ana
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136 DALINA KALLULLIb. O Janis (*ta)
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138 DALINA KALLULLIHowever, the fac
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140DALINA KALLULLIb. Anna hat das B
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142 DALINA KALLULLIWhile definite a
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144 DALINA KALLULLIWhat are the fac
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146 DALINA KALLULLIproperties. The
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148 DALINA KALLULLIobjects, are in
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150 DALINA KALLULLIIn this section
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152 DALINA KALLULLI(62) a. weil ich
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154 DALINA KALLULLI7. Albanian and
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156 DALINA KALLULLIpresumably respo
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158 DALINA KALLULLI47. In the Princ
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160 DALINA KALLULLIRaposo, E. 1997.
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162 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUpreposit
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164 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUd.e.f.va
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166 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(20) a.
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168 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUcal feat
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170 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUwhich is
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172 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(iii)(iv
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174 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUThe Alba
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176 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUOn the o
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178 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(42) a.b
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180ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(43)(44)I
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182 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUshown in
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186 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUIn (58)
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188 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUto D). D
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190 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(3)That
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194 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUadjectiv
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196 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(ii) ena
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198 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU24. It i
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8Last Resort and V Movementin Balka
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202 MARIA LUISA RIVEROthey need not
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204 MARIA LUISA RIVEROterms and is
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206 MARIA LUISA RIVERO(8) a.b.Kogaw
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208 MARIA LUISA RIVEROthat the orde
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210 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROfeature must
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212 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROThe restrict
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214 MARIA LUIS A RIVERO3. Greek in
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216 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROmovement in
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218 MARIA LUISA RIVEROThe equivalen
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220 MARIA LUISA RIVERObecause it sh
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222 MARIA LUISA RIVEROHolmbcrg, A.
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226 NAME INDEXFarkas, D., 8,54,57,7
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230 SUBJECT INDEXbare output condit
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232 SUBJECT INDEXindividual-denotin
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234 SUBJECT INDEXsubjuntive operato
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