Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages (Oxford ... - Cryptm.org

56 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. Doresc ca pe Ion sa -I(I)wish-lSG ca pe John sa him-CL.ACCexamineze Pope sen.examine-3SG.SUBJ Popescu'I wish Popescu would examine John.'Ca is obligatory in these examples:(23) a. *Vreau incline sa vina Ion.(I)want-lSG tomorrow sa come-3SG.SUBJ Johnb. *Doresc pe Ion sa -I(l)wish-lSG pe John sa him-CL.ACCexurninezeexamine-3SG.SUBJPopescu.PopescuCa cannot be used if maine and pe Ion stay in postverbal positions:(24) a. Vreau (*ca) sa vina Ion maine.(I) want (*ca) sa come-3SG.SUBJ John tomorrow'I want John to come tomorrow.'b. *Vreau (*ca) sa -I excunineze(I)wish-lSG (*ca) sa him-CL.ACC examine-3SG.SUBJPopescuPopescupe Ion.pe JohnThese examples show that ca is needed whenever a constituent of the embeddedclause appears in the position that precedes the verbal cluster. Quite clearly, cais not required for Case purposes: adverbs do not need Case, and pe assigns accusativeCase (see (22b)). Within the GB model one may assume that ca functionsas a governor for dislocated constituents. The characteristic distribution ofca indicates that it does not incorporate to the verbal cluster.The coexistence of ca and sa in examples such as (22a) and (22b) seems toplead against the idea that sa is a Comp element: ca would be in Comp and sain some Infl position higher than tense (to which the verb raises). This analysisthen is led to assume two Infl positions," whereas ours must postulate two Cpositions. Our account has the advantage of predicting that those languages thatallow postverbal subjects make it possible for (the first) Comp to incorporate tothe verb cluster. Because of this incorporation process, a dislocated constituentgoes to Spec, C, and in certain languages, for example, Romanian, another functionalX category (a second C) is needed in order to govern those dislocatedconstituents. In other Balkan languages, Modern Greek in particular, dislocatedconstituents in subjunctives appear clause-initially (na incorporates to the verb,on a par with sa, but no counterpart of ca exists). If we alternatively assume thatsa. is not a C but rather some I category, the generalization that such particlesappear only in languages that allow postverbal subjects is more difficult to