Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages (Oxford ... - Cryptm.org

HEAD-TO-HEAD MERGE IN BALKAN SUBJUNCTIVES 59Let us then assume that the subjunctive particle cannot be the governor ofthe null subject of subjunctives because of the incorporation process postulatedabove. The constraint could be formulated as follows:(30) If a complex X° constituent contains a link of the chain to which agiven element a belongs, then no element of the complex X° may countas a governor for a.According to the constituent structure proposed above, the verbal cluster characteristicof subjunctives is a complex X element (Particle + Neg + CL + Adv +V-Tense-Agr). Since Agr is a link of the chain to which the null subject belongs,the principle in (30) prevents the subjunctive particle from counting as agovernor for the null subject. The next possible governor is the main verb, andconsequently the main clause constitutes the governing category of the null subjectof subjunctives.We thus obtain the result that we need, that is, the fact that the main clausecounts as the governing category of the subject of the embedded subjunctiveclause, which in turn accounts for the fact that the subjects of subjunctives canbe bound by an element in the main clause. Compare the subjunctive ofRomance languages such as French or Italian, in which the elements generatedunder C do not incorporate with tense (+Agr). Consequently, the Cornp elementcounts as a governor for the embedded subject position, and, correlatively, theCP constituent counts as the governing category of the elements that occupy thesubject position. This analysis explains why the sub-jects of subjunctivescannot assume the status of anaphors either in French or in pro-drop Romancelanguages such as Italian and Spanish. In these languages, subjunctive clausesdo not allow control or subject raising, and they show obviation effects:(31) a.b.c.*JuanJohn*TuyouJuaniJohn'Johnempezostalledpareceseemquierewantswantsquethatquethatquetrabajawork-3SG.SUBJestasbe-2SG. SUBJProj/*isaigabienwellfeliz.happy.thatgo out-3SG.SUBJhim/her/*himself to go out.'en la escuela.in the school.temprano.earlyComing back to Balkan subjunctives, our analysis predicts that control andsubject raising are blocked by a functional head that does not incorporate withthe verb cluster. This is indeed what happens in Romanian ca subjunctives. Theobservation is due to Grosu and Horvath (1987), but their analysis differs frommine:(32) a. *To$iall[ s .cacaeleviijstudents. theexercitiulexercise. thesREFL-mihave-3PL.nimerithappen-PARTastathist; sa -Isa it-CLgreseasca.]fail-3PL.SUBJ