Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages (Oxford ... - Cryptm.org

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HEAD-TO-HEAD MERGE IN BALKAN SUBJUNCTIVES 59Let us then assume that the subjunctive particle cannot be the governor ofthe null subject of subjunctives because of the incorporation process postulatedabove. The constraint could be formulated as follows:(30) If a complex X° constituent contains a link of the chain to which agiven element a belongs, then no element of the complex X° may countas a governor for a.According to the constituent structure proposed above, the verbal cluster characteristicof subjunctives is a complex X element (Particle + Neg + CL + Adv +V-Tense-Agr). Since Agr is a link of the chain to which the null subject belongs,the principle in (30) prevents the subjunctive particle from counting as agovernor for the null subject. The next possible governor is the main verb, andconsequently the main clause constitutes the governing category of the null subjectof subjunctives.We thus obtain the result that we need, that is, the fact that the main clausecounts as the governing category of the subject of the embedded subjunctiveclause, which in turn accounts for the fact that the subjects of subjunctives canbe bound by an element in the main clause. Compare the subjunctive ofRomance languages such as French or Italian, in which the elements generatedunder C do not incorporate with tense (+Agr). Consequently, the Cornp elementcounts as a governor for the embedded subject position, and, correlatively, theCP constituent counts as the governing category of the elements that occupy thesubject position. This analysis explains why the sub-jects of subjunctivescannot assume the status of anaphors either in French or in pro-drop Romancelanguages such as Italian and Spanish. In these languages, subjunctive clausesdo not allow control or subject raising, and they show obviation effects:(31) a.b.c.*JuanJohn*TuyouJuaniJohn'Johnempezostalledpareceseemquierewantswantsquethatquethatquetrabajawork-3SG.SUBJestasbe-2SG. SUBJProj/*isaigabienwellfeliz.happy.thatgo out-3SG.SUBJhim/her/*himself to go out.'en la escuela.in the school.temprano.earlyComing back to Balkan subjunctives, our analysis predicts that control andsubject raising are blocked by a functional head that does not incorporate withthe verb cluster. This is indeed what happens in Romanian ca subjunctives. Theobservation is due to Grosu and Horvath (1987), but their analysis differs frommine:(32) a. *To$iall[ s .cacaeleviijstudents. theexercitiulexercise. thesREFL-mihave-3PL.nimerithappen-PARTastathist; sa -Isa it-CLgreseasca.]fail-3PL.SUBJ
60 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. *Bonibelei pot [$'ca in orice moment tj sa explodeze.]bombs.the may ca in any moment sa explode-3PL.SUBJc. *Copiii taij par[§> ca pe profesor tichildren.the your seem that pe teachersa fiesuparafi.]sa be-3PL.SUBJ angryGrammatical examples can be built only by suppressing ca, and by leaving allembedded constitutents in situ:(33) a. Toti elevii s -cm nimeritall students.the REFL have-3FL happen-PARTsa greseusca exercitiul asta.sa fail-3PL.SUBJ exercise.the this'It happened that all the students failed at this exercise.'b. Bombele pot sa. explodeze in orice moment.bombs.the may sa explodc-3PL.SUBJ in any moment'The bombs may explode at any moment.'c. Copiii tai par sa fie suparat, pe profesor.children.the your seem sa be-3PL.SUBJ angry pe teacher'Your children seem to be angry with the teacher.'Obligatory control appears to be subject to the same constraint, namely ca isprecluded:"(34) a. Ion incepe s -o ajute pe Maria.John starts s(a) her-CL.ACC help-SUBJ pe Mary'John starts helping Mary."b. Ion a incercat sa -IJohn have-3SG try-PART sa him-CL.ACCpedepseascape Mihai.punish-3SG.SUBJ pe Mihai'John tried to punish Mihai.'c. Ion va indrazni sa -IJohn will dare sa him-CL.ACCnifrunte pe profesor.contradict-3SG.SUBJ pe teacher'John will dare contradict the teacher.'(35) a. *Ion Incepe ca pe Maria s -o ajute.John begins that pe Mary s(a) her-CL.ACC help-3SG.SUBJb. *lon va tncerca ca pe MihaiJohn will-3SG try-INF that pe Mihai
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Comparative Syntax of Balkan Langua
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Comparative Syntax ofBalkan Languag
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Contents1 Introduction 3Maria Luisa
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4 MARIA LU1SA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
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6 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
Page 15 and 16: 8 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RAL
Page 17 and 18: 10 MARIA LUIS A RIVERO AND ANGELA R
Page 19 and 20: 12 MARIA LUISA RIVERO AND ANGELA RA
Page 25 and 26: 18 BRIAN D. JOSEPHsubjects are perm
Page 27 and 28: 20 BRIAN D. JOSEPH(1) Pan-Balkan Cl
Page 29 and 30: 22 BRIAN D. JOSEPHd. Alb perpiqem t
Page 31 and 32: 24 BRIAN D. JOSEPHIf similarities i
Page 33 and 34: 26 BRIAN D. JOSEPHdepends on what o
Page 35 and 36: 28 BRIAN D. JOSEPHe. introducer of
Page 37 and 38: 30 BRIAN D. JOSEPHi." Mi ta xerja s
Page 39 and 40: 32 BRIAN D. JOSEPHspecial propertie
Page 41 and 42: 34 BRIAN D. JOSEPHc. *John did defi
Page 43 and 44: 36BRIAN D. JOSEPH(14)PositiveNegati
Page 45 and 46: 38 BRIAN D. JOSEPHthe German term n
Page 47 and 48: 40 BRIAN D. JOSEPH28. I find Zwicky
Page 49 and 50: 42 BRIAN D. JOSEPHJoseph, B. D. 199
Page 51 and 52: 3Head-to-Head Mergein Balkan Subjun
Page 53 and 54: 46 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN2.1. Contro
Page 55 and 56: 48 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINanaphoric s
Page 57 and 58: 50 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. E greu s
Page 59 and 60: 52 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINconfigurati
Page 61 and 62: 54 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(19) a. Jua
Page 63 and 64: 56 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINb. Doresc c
Page 65: 58 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(27)In orde
Page 69 and 70: 62 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINOne may won
Page 71 and 72: 64CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(d)Neg has a
Page 73 and 74: 66 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(43) a. Ion
Page 75 and 76: 68 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN(47) A feat
Page 77 and 78: 70 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINand NP rais
Page 79 and 80: 72 CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORINReferencesA
Page 81 and 82: 4Control and Raisingin and out of S
Page 83 and 84: 76 ANNA ROUSSOUb. Voglio an da re.
Page 85 and 86: 78 ANNA ROUSSOUlatridou (1993) cons
Page 87 and 88: 80 ANNA ROUSSOUignore the propertie
Page 89 and 90: 82 ANNA ROUSSOU2.2. Mood and comple
Page 91 and 92: 84 ANNA ROUSSOU(1992b), namely the
Page 93 and 94: 86 ANNA ROUSSOUpurposes it suffices
Page 95 and 96: 88 ANNA ROUSSOUextend to raising pr
Page 97 and 98: 90 ANNA ROUSSOULet us now go back t
Page 99 and 100: 92 ANNA ROUSSOU(33) Ta pedja fenond
Page 101 and 102: 94 ANNA ROUSSOU(37) a. I tried (*fo
Page 103 and 104: 96 ANNA ROUSSOU(41) O Janis deli (i
Page 105 and 106: 98 ANNA ROUSSOURoberts (1996) argue
Page 107 and 108: 100 ANNAROUSSOU7. Sportiche (1997)
Page 109 and 110: 102ANNAROUSSOUChomsky, N. 1986. Bar
Page 111 and 112: 104 ANNAROUSSOURoberts, I. 1996. "T
Page 113 and 114: 106 ILIYANA KRAPOVAterms of binding
Page 115 and 116: 108 ILIYANA KRAPOVAsubset (as in (4
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110 ILIYANA KRAPOVAstrictly differe
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112 ILIYANA KRAPOVA2.3. PRO subject
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114 ILIYANA KRAPOVAThe fact that co
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116 ILIYANA KRAPOVAadverb vcera 'ye
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118 ILIYANA KRAPOVAillustrated in (
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120 ILIYANA KRAPOVA(34) a. Iskain d
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122 ILIYANA KRAPOVAmovement of na+V
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124 ILIYANA KRAPOVA13. It has been
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126 ILIYANA KRAPOVARivero, M. L. 19
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128 DALINA KALLULLIprcsuppositional
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130 DALINA KALLULLImoment, let us j
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132 DDALINAKALLULLIb. den pijeno me
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134 DALINA KALLULLId. What did Ana
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136 DALINA KALLULLIb. O Janis (*ta)
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138 DALINA KALLULLIHowever, the fac
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140DALINA KALLULLIb. Anna hat das B
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142 DALINA KALLULLIWhile definite a
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144 DALINA KALLULLIWhat are the fac
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146 DALINA KALLULLIproperties. The
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148 DALINA KALLULLIobjects, are in
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150 DALINA KALLULLIIn this section
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152 DALINA KALLULLI(62) a. weil ich
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154 DALINA KALLULLI7. Albanian and
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156 DALINA KALLULLIpresumably respo
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158 DALINA KALLULLI47. In the Princ
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160 DALINA KALLULLIRaposo, E. 1997.
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162 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUpreposit
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164 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUd.e.f.va
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166 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(20) a.
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168 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUcal feat
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170 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUwhich is
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172 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(iii)(iv
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174 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUThe Alba
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176 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUOn the o
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178 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(42) a.b
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180ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(43)(44)I
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182 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUshown in
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186 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUIn (58)
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188 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUto D). D
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190 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(3)That
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194 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOUadjectiv
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196 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU(ii) ena
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198 ANTONIA ANDROUTSOPOULOU24. It i
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8Last Resort and V Movementin Balka
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202 MARIA LUISA RIVEROthey need not
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204 MARIA LUISA RIVEROterms and is
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206 MARIA LUISA RIVERO(8) a.b.Kogaw
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208 MARIA LUISA RIVEROthat the orde
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210 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROfeature must
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212 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROThe restrict
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214 MARIA LUIS A RIVERO3. Greek in
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216 MARIA LUIS A RIVEROmovement in
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218 MARIA LUISA RIVEROThe equivalen
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220 MARIA LUISA RIVERObecause it sh
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222 MARIA LUISA RIVEROHolmbcrg, A.
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226 NAME INDEXFarkas, D., 8,54,57,7
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230 SUBJECT INDEXbare output condit
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232 SUBJECT INDEXindividual-denotin
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234 SUBJECT INDEXsubjuntive operato
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