REFIGURATION OF IDENTITIES AND FUTURES IN TIMES OF TRANSFORMATION 127Nala, N. Askara Bali Dalam Usada. Surabaya: Paramita,2006.Paluga, Myfel Joseph. Manag<strong>in</strong>g the Mounta<strong>in</strong> and the Monkeys:Philipp<strong>in</strong>e Millenarian Movement and the Local Dynamics ofCommunity-based Wildlife Management <strong>in</strong> Mt. Apo NaturalPark (M<strong>in</strong>danao, Philipp<strong>in</strong>es). Paper presentation at the 2006Biennial Global Conference, International Association for theStudy of Common Property (IASCP), Bali, Indonesia, 19-23June 2006. Salazar, Zeus. Ang Pilip<strong>in</strong>ong Banua/Banwa sa MundongMelano-Polynesiano. Quezon City: Palimbagan ng Lahi,2006.Seitz, Stefan. “Game, Pets, and Animal Husbandry amongPenan and Punan Groups.” Beyond the Green Myth: Hunter-Gatherers of Borneo <strong>in</strong> the Twenty-First Century. Eds. Peter G.Sorcombe and Bernard Sellato. Copenhagen: Nordic Instituteof <strong>Asian</strong> Studies, 2007. 177-191.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividuals and <strong>in</strong>stitutions extended theirhelp <strong>in</strong> various phases of this study: Dr. Yekti Maunati (ourresearch host <strong>in</strong> Indonesia), Dr. Agung Suryawan Wiranatha(Research Center for Culture and Tourism, UdayanaUniversity, our research host <strong>in</strong> Bali), Prof. I Wayan Redig,Dr. Harya Putra, Dr. I Gusti Made Sutjaja, Dr. Aida LouiseTenden Rompis, Mr. Eka Darmadi, Bendesa Adat Ida BagusDipayana (Geriya Megelung Sangeh), Mr. Olarn Ongla,Ms. Kokaew Wongphan, and the Institute of <strong>Asian</strong> Studies,Chulalongkorn University (our research host <strong>in</strong> Thailand); myhome <strong>in</strong>stitution, University of the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es M<strong>in</strong>danao,for freely allow<strong>in</strong>g my research leave for the period coveredby the API Fellowship; and also, the Office of the VicePresident for Academic Affairs, University of the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es,for support<strong>in</strong>g my extended researches on M<strong>in</strong>danao culturalattitudes to animals.Skeat, Walter William. Malay Magic. S<strong>in</strong>gapore: OxfordUniversity Press, 1984.Sutjaja, I Gusti Made. Bal<strong>in</strong>ese Tales. Denpasar: Lotus WidyaSuari, 2005.Terweil, B. J. Through Travellers’ Eyes. Bangkok: EditionsDuang Kamol, 1989.Verbeek, Peter, Toshitaka Iwamoto and Noboru Murakami.“Differences <strong>in</strong> Aggression between Wild-type andDomesticated Fight<strong>in</strong>g Fish are Context Dependent.” AnimalBehaviour 73 (2007): 75-83.Wess<strong>in</strong>g, Robert. “Symbolic Animals <strong>in</strong> the Land between theWaters.” <strong>Asian</strong> Folklore Studies 65 (2006): 205-239.Western, David. “Human-dom<strong>in</strong>ated Ecosystems and FutureEvolution.” Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the National Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America 98.10 (May 8, 2001): 5458-5465.Wheatley, Bruce. The Sacred Monkeys of Bali. Ill<strong>in</strong>ois:Waveland Press, Inc., 1999.Wheatley, Bruce and D.K. Harya Putra. “Bit<strong>in</strong>g the Handthat FeedsYou: Monkeys and Tourists <strong>in</strong> Bal<strong>in</strong>ese MonkeyForests.” Tropical Biodiversity 2.2 (1994): 317-327.Whitten, Tony, Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja, and SurayaAfiff. The Ecology of Java and Bali. S<strong>in</strong>gapore: PeriplusEditions, 1996.<strong>Asian</strong> <strong>Transformations</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Action</strong>The Work of the 2006/2007 API Fellows
128 REFIGURATION OF IDENTITIES AND FUTURES IN TIMES OF TRANSFORMATIONNARRATING THE NATION: MODERN HISTORICALREPRESENTATIONS OF IDENTITY IN INDONESIAN FILMIskandar Sharifudd<strong>in</strong> b<strong>in</strong> Mohd. SaidSight/Site And NationThe location for c<strong>in</strong>ema is sight. Everyth<strong>in</strong>g else comesafterwards and at the same time, <strong>in</strong> the same space. Inthe c<strong>in</strong>ema, time plays out its scenarios from the fieldsof war to narrow alleyways <strong>in</strong> small towns, from ruralto urban, tradition to modernity, without the audiencehav<strong>in</strong>g to leave their seats. If we never had to travel, it isbecause film has taken us there, where we have been andwhere we are go<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> and through time, a durationthat Victor Burg<strong>in</strong> has described as “imbricated” oroverlapp<strong>in</strong>g time. What takes us there, while we arehere, <strong>in</strong> the comfort zone of the darkened c<strong>in</strong>emahall, close to a half awakened/dream state is narrative,structure and <strong>org</strong>anization. It <strong>org</strong>anizes and structuresus, the subject, via our perception of the object/screen.It is also <strong>in</strong> this sense that c<strong>in</strong>ema is sight and sitespecific. The implication here is the spatial cont<strong>in</strong>uumfrom screen/site of visuals to mental/sight of visuality—from screen<strong>in</strong>g space to mental space. It is here thatideologies play out their images, and it is also <strong>in</strong> thissense that space is never neutral and that most th<strong>in</strong>gsare already mediated, if not life itself.The screen presents us with a space unlike but similarto other places that we have encountered <strong>in</strong> reality,recognized and imag<strong>in</strong>ed as image yet never been to,but perhaps close to a place we can call home, countryor nation. It is through the mimesis of realism, that weencounter image as reality and reality as image, as a cycleof reproduction and representation. Put <strong>in</strong> another way,as a member of the audience, I am the orig<strong>in</strong> and thedest<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> the cycle of representation of the imageand its narration.Seen <strong>in</strong> this light, another dimension can be added<strong>in</strong> the way that we can view narrative, especially <strong>in</strong>the context of its operations as ideological constructsand their operations with<strong>in</strong> the concept of spatialrelationships. No longer can we th<strong>in</strong>k of ideology asa concept out there, separated from the subject as an“<strong>in</strong>strument of dom<strong>in</strong>ation wielded by one section ofa society and imposed upon another” (Burg<strong>in</strong> 1997)but shifted to a broader and deeper dimension where“ideology was now conceived of <strong>in</strong> terms of a space ofrepresentations that the subjects <strong>in</strong>habit, a limitless spacethat the desir<strong>in</strong>g subject negotiates by predom<strong>in</strong>antlyunconscious transactions” (Burg<strong>in</strong> 1997). J.L. Beller,<strong>in</strong> discuss<strong>in</strong>g the c<strong>in</strong>ematic technology and Vertov’swork, says that the Russian filmmaker “takes the imageas a technology for ‘the <strong>org</strong>anization of the audiencewith <strong>org</strong>anized material’ effectively grasp<strong>in</strong>g c<strong>in</strong>ema as asocial mach<strong>in</strong>e for eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g the socius” (Beller 2002,71) and thereby render<strong>in</strong>g “objects and images as socialrelations” where “viewers do not encounter the technoimag<strong>in</strong>aryonly on the screen, its logic is already <strong>in</strong>sidethem” describ<strong>in</strong>g “the enfold<strong>in</strong>g of the image <strong>in</strong>to thesocial fabric” (Beller 2002, 71).In this sense the site for c<strong>in</strong>ema is sight and the sight forc<strong>in</strong>ema is site, the bodied self, the subject. The humanbody is the <strong>in</strong>terface between the object and its image.Everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this paper that can be imag<strong>in</strong>ed andvisualized beg<strong>in</strong>s from this space, from the relationshipof screen and self, self and screen.In look<strong>in</strong>g and read<strong>in</strong>g c<strong>in</strong>ema <strong>in</strong> the context of thenarrat<strong>in</strong>g of nation, it seems to me hazardous not toengage <strong>in</strong> the ideas and theories govern<strong>in</strong>g space andspatial relationships, <strong>in</strong> the order<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>org</strong>aniz<strong>in</strong>gof pr<strong>in</strong>ciples beh<strong>in</strong>d those two terms. The nationoften referred to as the nation space po<strong>in</strong>ts to itsamorphousness, its ether-like quality, that is less aboutits objectness that can be grasped and apprehended thanabout its qualities as ideas, myths and symbols that arearticulated through spatial categories and territories,via cultural texts—pr<strong>in</strong>t media, novels, art, films etc.—across textual and spatial boundaries. It is <strong>in</strong> this waythat we can beg<strong>in</strong> to traverse, engage <strong>in</strong>, map out andbeg<strong>in</strong> to understand some of the ways and elements thatreveal their constructions and imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gs.Space <strong>in</strong>vites categorization, territorialization,demarcations and borders—mapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> various formsand guises—<strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the nation. Those formscan manifest themselves through social and culturalpractices that draw l<strong>in</strong>es of <strong>in</strong>clusion and exclusion,thereby turn<strong>in</strong>g space <strong>in</strong>to place. They orig<strong>in</strong>ate fromthe body and the body’s engagement through the livedenvironment, via language and the senses—the nose,ears and eyes. In the c<strong>in</strong>ema the eyes have priority:<strong>Asian</strong> <strong>Transformations</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Action</strong>The Work of the 2006/2007 API Fellows
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V. APPENDICESCultivation of Transfo
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The Regional Project, entitled “C
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ixTHE CONTRIBUTORS(in alphabetical
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MYFEL JOSEPH PALUGA is a faculty me
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xiiiare common to nations around th
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xixOVERVIEWCzarina Saloma-Akpedonu,
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JOSIE M. FERNANDEZExecutive Council
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237MARY RACELISProfessorial Lecture
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strategy found their way into a bus