Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the ...

308 Notes to Chapter 8
See S. H. Nasr, “Fakhr al-D¥n al-Råz¥ ,” in The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in
Persia, pp. 107–21. On later Islamic theology, see also Horten, Die philosophischen
Systeme; van Ess, Die Erkenntniss Lehre des ‘Adudadd¥n al-Īc • v
¥ (Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 1966); and Gardet and Anawati, Introduction à la théologie
musulmane, vol. 1, pp. 76ff.
11. F. Schuon, Christianity/Islam, p. 221.
12. Ibid., pp. 220–21.
13. Some of these ideas have been treated already by Azim Nanji in his
article “Ismå‘¥lism,” in Islam, Islamic Spirituality: Foundations, S. H. Nasr (ed.),
World Spirituality 19 (New York: Crossroad, 1987), pp. 179–98. See also Corbin
et al., History of Islamic Philosophy, pp. 79ff.
14. See Kashf al-muråd fi shar÷ tajr¥d al-i‘tiqåd, trans. and commented upon
by Ab¨˘l-¡asan Sha‘rån¥ (Tehran: Kitåbfur¨sh¥-yi islåmiyyah, 1351 A.H.
solar). On Shi‘ite theology, especially of the earlier period before it became
systematized by apple¨s¥, see Wilfred Madelung, Religious Schools and Sects in
Medieval Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1985) vii–xv.
15. A contemporary example of this division is to be found in the popular
two-volume work of Mu±y¥ al-D¥n Mahd¥ Ilåh¥ Qumsha˘¥, ¡ikmat-i ilåh¥
‘åmm wa khå„„ (Tehran: Islåm¥, 1363 [A.H. solar]) p. 204.
16. For an extensive bibliography concerning all the figures mentioned
in this chapter see Hans Daiber. With this important reference available, we
have not found it necessary to provide bibliographical notes for every philosopher
or theologian cited in this survey.
17. See Nasr, Three Muslim Sages, chapter 1.
18. Translated by R. Walzer in his “Islamic Philosophy,” in The History
of Philosophy, Eastern and Western, S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) (London: Allen and
Unwin, 1953) 2:131.
19. That is why a person such as Mullå |adrå refers to inner intellection
as being like “partial prophecy.”
20. See Three Muslim Sages, p. 12.
21. This becomes evident when one studies the technical philosophical
terminology used by al-Fåråb¥ and Ibn S¥nå.
22. The question of the classification of the sciences is of great importance
in Islamic thought and is very relevant to the relation between philosophy
and prophecy. See Osman Bakar, Classification of Knowledge in Islam
(Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1998).