accept methods of kalåm, 52; relation <strong>to</strong> kalåm, 49–60; <strong>in</strong> Shi‘ite circles <strong>in</strong> Iraq, 60 ¡ikmat al-ishråq (<strong>the</strong> Theosophy of <strong>the</strong> Orient of Light) 115, 158, 160, 188, 192 ÷ikmat al-mashriqiyyah, al-, 11, 140 ÷ikmat al-muta‘åliyah, al-, (<strong>the</strong> transcendent <strong>the</strong>osophy).See transcendent <strong>the</strong>osophy ¡ikmat al-muta‘åliyah fi˘l-asfår al- ‘aqliyyat al-arba‘ah, al- (Transcendent Theosophy). See Asfår al-arba‘ah ÷ikmat-i ilåh¥, 53 ¡ill¥, ‘Allåmah Jamål al-D¥n al-, 51, 52, 59, 65, 133, 211 H<strong>in</strong>du: avatårs, 7; philosophical traditions, 8; prophecies, 1; sages, 4 H<strong>in</strong>duism, 145, 156, 229, 273, 295n18; rishis of, 7 Hiram-i hast¥ (The Pyramid of Be<strong>in</strong>g), 252 His<strong>to</strong>ire de la philosophie islamique (Corb<strong>in</strong>, Nasr, Yahya), 27, 107, 108 His<strong>to</strong>ria del pensamien<strong>to</strong> en el mundo islámico (Cruz Hernández), 28 his<strong>to</strong>ry: philosophy of, 157, 313n65 His<strong>to</strong>ry of <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Philosophy</strong> (Fakhry), 28 The His<strong>to</strong>ry of <strong>Islamic</strong> <strong>Philosophy</strong> (Nasr and Leaman [eds.]), 27, 108 Hobson, J. Peter, 283n8 Holy Spirit, 152 homo islamicus, 265, 266 Horovitz, Saul, 15, 50 Horten, Max, 17, 50, 113, 287n8, 288n11, 290n35, 306n2, 306n9 Hosse<strong>in</strong> Ziai. See Ziai, Hosse<strong>in</strong> Hourani, George, 23, 307n3, 312n59 ÷u¿¶r, 89 ÷ukamå˘, 32, 33 Humå˘¥, Jalål, 236, 290n39 Index 355 humanism, 270 ¡usåm al-≈l¨s¥. See ≈l¨s¥, ¡usåm ¥lahiyyåt bi ma‘na˘l-‘åmm, al-, 134 Iatromantis, 1, 2, 3 Ibånah ‘an uƒ¶l al-diyånah, al- (Elucidation concern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of Religion), 125 Ibn Ab¥ Jumh¨r A±så˘¥, 209, 211, 212 Ibn Ab¥ U∑aybi‘ah, 24 Ibn ‘Ad¥, Ya±yå, 139 Ibn al-‘Ar¥f, 150 Ibn al-Fåtik, 139 Ibn al-Haytham, 170, 171 Ibn al-Nad¥m, 24 Ibn al-Nå‘imah al-¡ims¥, 137 Ibn al-Qif†¥, 24 Ibn al-Råwand¥, 143 Ibn al-S¥d, 148 Ibn ¡anbal, Imam A±mad, 124 Ibn ‘Arab¥, 27, 38, 40, 46, 74, 75, 76, 115, 116, 131, 132, 135, 150, 151, 156, 162, 163, 179, 180, 191, 228, 242, 300n6; effect on Sufism, 87; <strong>Islamic</strong> philosophy and, 87; metaphysical doctr<strong>in</strong>es of, 45; transcendent unity of be<strong>in</strong>g and, 87 Ibn ¡ayyån, Jåbir. See Jåbir ibn ¡ayyån Ibn Ba±r al-Jå±iπ, ‘Amr. See Jå±iπ, ‘Amr ibn Ba±r Ibn Båjjah, Ab¨ Bakr, 114, 152, 156 Ibn Barrajån, 150 Ibn Fåtik, 25 Ibn ¡azm, 24, 114, 115, 151 Ibn Kamm¨nah, 189 Ibn Khald¨n, 23, 26, 39, 45, 50, 51, 115, 127, 155, 157, 287n10, 288n11, 313n65 Ibn Khallakån, 24 Ibn Marzbån, Bahmanyår. See Bahmanyår ibn Marzbån Ibn Masarrah, 114, 150, 151, 156, 157
356 Index Ibn Miskawayh. See Ibn Musk¨yah Ibn Musk¨yah, A±mad, 112, 139 Ibn Nad¥m, 35 Ibn appleufayl, 152, 156 Ibn Qasy¥, 156 Ibn Rushd, 16, 23, 26, 27, 29, 41, 45, 108, 114, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 169, 188, 194, 213, 215, 294n9, 312n59; on accidentality of wuj¶d, 69; commentaries on Aris<strong>to</strong>tle by, 114, 115; harmonization of faith and reason by, 115; understand<strong>in</strong>g of Ibn S¥nå, 70; works of, 96 Ibn Sab‘¥n, 45, 75, 115, 156, 157; knowledge of Judaism and Christianity, 156; pro-Shi‘ite tendencies of, 155 Ibn Hår¨n, Sahl, 35 Ibn S¥nå, 4, 5, 22, 27, 29, 36, 39, 41, 42, 46, 49, 50, 67, 68, 69, 74, 114, 115, 118, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145,152, 155, 159, 165, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 177, 192, 194, 196, 200, 205, 215, 218, 225, 226, 240, 276, 284n12, 288n22, 290n35, 294n6, 296n23, 298n43, 305n8, 308n21, 309n31, 310n35, 312n61, 313n63, 319n8; on accidentality of wuj¶d, 79; cha<strong>in</strong> of be<strong>in</strong>g and, 77; formulation of dist<strong>in</strong>ctions of necessity, cont<strong>in</strong>gency, and impossibility by, 71; Hermetic pro<strong>to</strong>types <strong>in</strong>, 147; on <strong>in</strong>tellectual <strong>in</strong>tuition, 99; as philosopher of be<strong>in</strong>g, 64, 141; structure of reality and, 81; study of <strong>in</strong> Turkey, 60; syn<strong>the</strong>sis of Peripatetic thought by, 110; treatment of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellect by, 98; use of Persian by, 112; visionary recitals of, 111, 147; works of, 69, 86, 111 Ibn Taymiyyah, Taq¥ al-D¥n, 38, 76 Ibn appleufayl, 23, 114, 152, 156 Ibn Tumart, 127 Ibn Turkah I∑fahån¥, 65, 76, 116, 163 Ibråh¥m Madkour. See Madkour, Ibråh¥m Ibråh¥m¥ D¥nån¥, Ghulåm ¡usayn, 27,276,292n5, 313n68 identity: Spanish, 15 Idr¥s, 25, 43, 109, 159 Idr¥s ‘Imåd al-D¥n, Sayyidunå, 174 ‘ifrån-i naz.ar¥, 108 I÷yå˘ ‘ul¶m al-d¥n (The Revivification of <strong>the</strong> Sciences of Religion), 190 Īj¥, ‘A∂ud al-D¥n al-, 39, 43, 128, 195, 201, 306n1 Ikhwån al-S.afå˘. See Brethren of Purity Iks¥r al-‘årif¥n (The Elixir of <strong>the</strong> Gnostics), 23 Ilåh¥ Qumsha˘¥, Mu±y¥ al-D¥n Mahd¥, 308n15 ilåhiyyåt, 132 ilåhiyyåt bi ma‘na˘l-kh僃, al-, 134 I‘låm bi-manåqib al-islåm, al- (Declaration of <strong>the</strong> Virtues of Islam), 139 Īl-Khånid, 43, 190 illum<strong>in</strong>ation, 32, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49, 76, 118, 210, 211; def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 161; <strong>in</strong>ner, 153; of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellect, 96; knowledge as result of, 99; locus <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heart, 84; possibility of <strong>from</strong> above, 228; prophecy and, 228, 229; prophetic function and, 94, 228, 229; reception of, 77; school of, 51, 64, 80, 86, 99, 115, 116, 140, 157, 158–160. See also ishråq¥ Illum<strong>in</strong>ationist, 13 ‘ilm al-h¶¿¶r¥, al-, 76, 95 ‘ilm al-uƒ¶l, 135 ‘Ilm-i ÷u¿¶r¥ (Knowledge by Presence), 252, 253 ‘Imåd al-D¥n Mas‘¨d Dashtak¥. See Dashtak¥, ‘Imåd al-D¥n Mas‘¨d imag<strong>in</strong>ation: knowledge and, 100; power of, 100; world of, 179 Imåm al-¡aramayn al-Juwayn¥. See Juwayn¥, Imåm al-¡aramayn
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Islamic Philosophy from its Origin
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SUNY series in Islam Seyyed Hossein
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Published by State University of Ne
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Contents Preface ix Transliteration
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Contents ix Preface This book is th
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Introduction Philosophy and Prophec
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Introduction 3 Parmenides was assoc
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Introduction 5 phers but is again t
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Introduction 7 ern sciences and bec
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Introduction 9 gradually the main s
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CHAPTER 1 The Study of Islamic Phil
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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CHAPTER 2 The Meaning and Role of P
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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CHAPTER 4 The Question of Existence
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The Question of Existence and Quidd
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CHAPTER 5 Post-Avicennan Islamic Ph
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Post-Avicennan Islamic Philosophy 8
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PART 3 Islamic Philosophy in Histor
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CHAPTER 9 The Poet-Scientist ‘Uma
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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CHAPTER 11 The School of Isfahan Re
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The School of Isfahan Revisited 211
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CHAPTER 13 From the School of Isfah
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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PART 4 The Current Situation
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260 Part 4: The Current Situation I
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268 Part 4: The Current Situation o
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270 Part 4: The Current Situation o
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CHAPTER 15 Philosophy in the Land o
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Notes INTRODUCTION 1. One should re
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Notes to Chapter 1 283 4. In order
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Notes to Chapter 1 285 equate, espe
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Notes to Chapter 2 287 appeler Får
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23. Raså˘il (Cairo: al-Ma†ba‘
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Notes to Chapter 3 291 48. Unfortun
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Notes to Chapter 4 293 founder of t
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Notes to Chapter 4 295 period in se
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29. In one of the best known verses
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Notes to Chapter 5 299 were opened
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Notes to Chapter 5 301 this book—
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Notes to Chapter 6 303 8. On these
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