228; ga<strong>in</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> heart, 101, 102; of God, 102, 218; hierarchy of, 102; imag<strong>in</strong>ary, 102; <strong>in</strong>tellectual, 102; <strong>in</strong>tuitive, 95; as light, 161; metaphysical, 99; of particulars of <strong>the</strong> world of multiplicity, 93; path of, 101; power of imag<strong>in</strong>ation and, 100; presential, 95, 102; pr<strong>in</strong>cipal, 102, 135; as quality of wuj¶d, 176; rational, 102; representative, 95; as result of illum<strong>in</strong>ation, 99; revealed, 93; shar<strong>in</strong>g attribute of, 94; of state of creatures accord<strong>in</strong>g <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Shar¥‘ah, 58; supreme form of, 102; <strong>the</strong>ory of, 98; through <strong>in</strong>ner purification, 175; unitive, 102 Knowledge by Presence (Yazd¥), 252, 253 Kouros, 2 Kraemer, Joel, 305n4 Kraus, Paul, 15, 305n6 kuffår, 122 Kulbår¥, Mawlå Qawåm al-D¥n Mu±ammad, 195 kull¥ al-†ab¥‘¥, al-, 121, 123 kullu shay˘<strong>in</strong> yarji‘u ilå aƒlihi, 180 kum¶n wa bur¶z, 123 kun, 148 Kurland, Samuel, 23 Kus¸p<strong>in</strong>ar, Bilal, 291n50 Kutluer, Ilhan, 277 Låh¥j¥, ‘Abd al-Razzåq, 65, 134, 167, 219, 235; works of, 55, 56 Låh¥j¥, M¥rzå ¡asan: works of, 59 Låh¥j¥, M¥rzå Ibråh¥m, 59 Låh¥j¥, Mullå Mu±ammad Ja‘far, 243 Låh¥j¥, Shams al-D¥n Mu±ammad, 194 Lahore, 206 la ilåha illa˘Llåh, 74 Lama‘åt-i ilåhiyyah (Div<strong>in</strong>e Splendors), 237 Lama‘åt-i malak¶tiyyah (Celestial Flashes), 220 Landolt, Herman, 19, 324n1 Index 361 Langar¨d¥, Mullå Mu±ammad Ja‘far, 240, 245 language(s): Arabic, 131, 158, 192, 193, 227, 284n16, 321n23; Arabic philosophical, 110; Avicennan, 181; dist<strong>in</strong>ction between <strong>in</strong>tellect and reason <strong>in</strong>, 94; English, 28, 261, 310n41, 313n70; European, 8, 13, 20, 23, 27, 309n30, 329n6, 330n18; French, 285n18, 313n70; German, 285n18; Greek, 227; Indo-European, 131; Indo-Iranian- European, 227; Lat<strong>in</strong>, 156, 189, 227, 269; Persian, 192, 193, 198, 227, 310n45; philosophical, 112; Urdu, 117; Western, 94 Lår¥jån¥, ≈qå Sayyid Ra∂¥, 238, 239, 243 Laraoui, ‘Abd Allåh, 278 La†å˘if al-÷ikmah (Subtleties of <strong>Philosophy</strong>), 189 law, 14; Div<strong>in</strong>e, 121, 122, 127, 198, 227; <strong>Islamic</strong>, 183, 197, 214; philosophy of, 118; Sunni schools of, 121 Lawåmi‘ al-ishråq f¥ makårim al-akhlåq (Flashes of Illum<strong>in</strong>ation concern<strong>in</strong>g Ethical Virtues), 198 Lawåmi‘-i rabbån¥ (Lordly Flashes), 220 Law÷ al-ma÷f¶z., al-, 149 Leaman, Oliver, 19, 20, 28, 108, 282n3, 287n8, 290n34, 298n38, 302n4, 306n13, 309n31, 311n46, 313n61, 319n7, 322n28, 328n2 Leiden, Carl, 337n2 Les Religions et les philosophies dans l˘Asie central (Gob<strong>in</strong>eau), 242 Lewisohn, Leonard, 320n17 liar˘s paradox, 196 The Life of Ibn S¥nå (Gohlmann), 23 light: knowledge as, 161; of lights, 160; metaphysics of, 160; symbolism of, 161 L<strong>in</strong>gs, Mart<strong>in</strong>, 281n8, 297n32, 337n2 literature, 194, 240; Arabic, 290n43 Liv<strong>in</strong>g Son of <strong>the</strong> Awake (Ibn appleufayl), 114, 153, 154
362 Index Lodi, Skandar, 43, 204 Loeb Library, 24 logic, 2, 42, 156, 187, 189, 191, 196, 200, 224, 232, 240, 251, 253, 262; Aris<strong>to</strong>telian, 78; formal, 110, 113; Greek, 3; spiritual union and, 46, 47; teach<strong>in</strong>g of, 44; Western, 2 Logos, 43 loquentes, 119 Lordly Flashes (‘Alaw¥), 220 love: Pla<strong>to</strong>nic, 114, 115, 312n54 Lovejoy, Arthur, 298n42 L¨kar¥ al-Marwaz¥, Ab¨˘l-‘Abbås, 169, 172, 196 Lu<strong>the</strong>r, Mart<strong>in</strong>, 120 ma‘åd, al-, 134 Ma‘ålim al-shifå˘ (Miles<strong>to</strong>nes of Heal<strong>in</strong>g), 200 ma‘årif, 59 Ma‘årif al-ilåhiyyah, al- (The Div<strong>in</strong>e Sciences), 219 ma‘årif-i ilah¥, 56 mabda˘, al-, 90 Mabda˘ wa˘l-ma‘åd, al- (The <strong>Orig<strong>in</strong></strong> and <strong>the</strong> End), 55 Macdonald, Duncan, 307n6 Madelung, Wilfred, 50, 290n35, 308n14, 311n50 Madkour, Ibråh¥m, 18, 26 madrasahs, 113, 276, 277; bann<strong>in</strong>g of falsafah <strong>in</strong>, 44 Mafåt¥÷ al-ghayb (Keys <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Invisible), 228 Maghrib, 15; Ash‘arite teach<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>, 127; <strong>Islamic</strong> philosophy <strong>in</strong>, 114, 115, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158 Ma÷b¶b al-qul¶b (Beloved of Hearts), 219 Mahdaw¥, Ya±yå, 253 Mahdi, Muhs<strong>in</strong>, 18, 19, 23 Mahd¥ ≈shtiyån¥, M¥rzå. See ≈shtiyån¥, M¥rzå Mahd¥ Mahdiism, 270 ma÷d¶d, 148, 149 måhiyyah , 86, 172, 174, 215; appearance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, 68; as conta<strong>in</strong>er of <strong>the</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, 71; cont<strong>in</strong>gency and, 71–73; dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>from</strong> wuj¶d, 67– 68; experience of wuj¶d and, 82– 84; his<strong>to</strong>rical survey of study of, 64–65; impossibility and, 71–73; mean<strong>in</strong>g of, 65–67; necessity and, 71–73; pr<strong>in</strong>cipiality of, 176; relation <strong>to</strong> wuj¶d, 63 Ma±m¨d, ‘Abd al-¡al¥m, 26, 117 Ma±m¨d Shabistar¥, Shaykh. See Shabistår¥, Shaykh Ma±m¨d Maier, Michael, 217 Maimonides, 190 Majd al-D¥n al-J¥l¥. See al-J¥l¥, Majd al-D¥n Majid Fakhry. See Fakhry, Majid Majlis¥, Mu±ammad Båqir, 38, 211 Majm¶‘a-yi Maråghah (The Collection of Maraghah), 186 Majr¥†¥, Ab¨ Maslamah al-, 147 Makdisi, George, 291n3 Malaysia, 277; students study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> West <strong>from</strong>, 19 Mali: libraries <strong>in</strong>, 21 Malik, Jamål, 291n51 Ma˘m¨n, al-, 121 Manichaeans, 120, 143 The Manifest Horizon (M¥r Dåmåd), 214 Manifest Light (Zun¨z¥), 237 Mannheim, Ralph, 311n46 Man†iq¥, al-. See Sijstån¥, Ab¨ Sulaymån al- Man†iq¥ Man∑¨r al-¡allåj. See ¡allåj, Man∑¨r manzilah bayn al-manzilatayn, al-, 122, 123 Maqåƒid al-falåsifah (The Purposes of <strong>the</strong> Philosophers), 113 Maqålåt al-islåmiyy¥n (Doctr<strong>in</strong>es of <strong>the</strong> Muslims), 125 Maqåmåt al-‘årif¥n (Stations of <strong>the</strong> Gnostics), 201 Maraghah, 162; <strong>Islamic</strong> philosophy <strong>in</strong>, 188, 189
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Islamic Philosophy from its Origin
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SUNY series in Islam Seyyed Hossein
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Published by State University of Ne
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Contents Preface ix Transliteration
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Contents ix Preface This book is th
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Introduction Philosophy and Prophec
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Introduction 3 Parmenides was assoc
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Introduction 5 phers but is again t
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Introduction 7 ern sciences and bec
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Introduction 9 gradually the main s
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CHAPTER 1 The Study of Islamic Phil
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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The Study of Islamic Philosophy in
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CHAPTER 2 The Meaning and Role of P
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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The Meaning and Role of Philosophy
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CHAPTER 4 The Question of Existence
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The Question of Existence and Quidd
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The Question of Existence and Quidd
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The Question of Existence and Quidd
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The Question of Existence and Quidd
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CHAPTER 5 Post-Avicennan Islamic Ph
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Post-Avicennan Islamic Philosophy 8
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Post-Avicennan Islamic Philosophy 8
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94 Part 2: Philosophical Issues (
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PART 3 Islamic Philosophy in Histor
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CHAPTER 9 The Poet-Scientist ‘Uma
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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The Poet-Scientist ‘Umar Khayyåm
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CHAPTER 11 The School of Isfahan Re
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The School of Isfahan Revisited 211
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The School of Isfahan Revisited 213
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The School of Isfahan Revisited 215
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CHAPTER 13 From the School of Isfah
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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From the School of Isfahan to the S
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PART 4 The Current Situation
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260 Part 4: The Current Situation I
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262 Part 4: The Current Situation h
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264 Part 4: The Current Situation d
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266 Part 4: The Current Situation o
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268 Part 4: The Current Situation o
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270 Part 4: The Current Situation o
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CHAPTER 15 Philosophy in the Land o
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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Notes INTRODUCTION 1. One should re
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Notes to Chapter 1 283 4. In order
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Notes to Chapter 1 285 equate, espe
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Notes to Chapter 2 287 appeler Får
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23. Raså˘il (Cairo: al-Ma†ba‘
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Notes to Chapter 3 291 48. Unfortun
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Notes to Chapter 4 293 founder of t
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Notes to Chapter 4 295 period in se
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29. In one of the best known verses
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Notes to Chapter 5 299 were opened
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Notes to Chapter 5 301 this book—
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Notes to Chapter 6 303 8. On these
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involved, and that this discussion
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Notes to Chapter 8 307 3. See Georg
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Notes to Chapter 8 309 23. The titl
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