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Chapter EightLexicalization and Modalization in English-Arabic Translation: Prepositions As a CaseStudy •8.0. The task of the translator is multiple: as a decoder,appreciator, critic, encoder and creator who maintains anequilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as well asstylistically by necessity, he reads each word and each sentencein the SL text as carefully as a critic before he transfers andfinally composes it in the TL. Such a transference andcomposition can never be achieved through literal, i.e., wordfor-wordtranslation which, Nida and Reybum (1981) rightlymaintain, will inevitably tend to distort the meaning of thesource language (SL) message or as Andre Lefevere (cited inBassnett, 1996: 81) puts it, distorts the sense and the syntax ofthe original. Such a translation impedes the translator's workand stifles his creativity which is a manifestation of hiscompetence and intelligence.There is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation,on which there is now almost a general consensus. Lefeverequotes Horace as antedating such an attitude:•Published in IJAES: International Journal of Arabic-EnglishStudies. Vol. 2, Nos. 1&2.
Word-for-word translation do not find mercy inour eyes, not because they are against the law oftranslation ( as an act of communication) butsimply because two languages are never identicalin their vocabulary. Ideas are common to theunderstanding of all men but words and mannersof speech are particular to different nations.(Bracketing is Lefevere's). (ibid)By corollary, a SL preposition need not always be replacedliterally by its formal TL equivalent, i.e., a TL preposition;rather it may well be lexicalized or modalized, i.e., replaced bya modal (auxiliary) verb or a lexical item(s), as illustrated in thefollowing diagram:LiteralTL (Ar) Pre( position)SL (Eng) Prep TL (Ar) lexicalizedequivalentequivalentNon- literal TL (Ar) modalizedLiteralTL (Eng Pre( position)TL (Ar) Prep TL (Eng) lexicalizedNon- literalequivalentTL (Eng) modalizedequivalentFigure 6: Translation Strategies for Lexicalization andModalization of English Arabic prepositions.
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Translation Theories, StrategiesAnd
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ContentsPagePreface……………
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4.2.2. Syntactic Modification Strat
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PrefaceIt is perhaps axiomatic to s
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Chapter OnePreliminaries: Definitio
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the target text we distinguish betw
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content. The second type deems the
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features and different accents, qui
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oadcasting station dar al-idaaahere
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On the other hand, monolingual audi
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2.1.The First PeriodThis period sta
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French humanist Etienne Dolet who h
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This contemporary period has witnes
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-representation. These systems requ
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Chapter ThreeTranslation Theories:
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is the ‘first systematic investig
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can be justified on this basis.”
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3..4.1.1. Informative: It is concer
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ehaviournon-intentionalintentional
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3.5 . Sociolinguistic TheoriesThese
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TT into line with a particular mode
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SL AuthorTL ReaderSL Encoder Gramma
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two languages are never identical i
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comes Webster’s definition of ‘
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Ideally, Bell (p. 27) rightly maint
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equivalence in the target language
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to be very tactful and eclectic in
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in which the original text undergoe
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the Arabic emphatic devices such as
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than stock market. Anani has replac
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African countries. She coaches the
Page 63 and 64: 4.2.6. Paraphrasing StrategyContrar
Page 65 and 66: Part TwoBasic Theoretical Issues65
Page 67 and 68: the native speakers of the two lang
Page 69 and 70: NiL or zero equivalence wherein the
Page 71 and 72: ‘dress the child’. To ‘dress
Page 73 and 74: The above collocations obviously po
Page 75 and 76: Chapter SixTranslation Loss and Gai
Page 77 and 78: 6.1.1.2. Levels of Loss6.1.1.2.1. M
Page 79 and 80: - Then which of the favours 5180Of
Page 81 and 82: improbable (unlikely to happen) and
Page 83 and 84: - If Allah willed, He could destroy
Page 85 and 86: - As for those who reject faith, I
Page 87 and 88: 6.1.1.2.3. Semantic LevelThis kind
Page 89 and 90: ecurrent coordinator wa which recu
Page 91 and 92: According to At-Tabari and Ibn Kath
Page 93 and 94: (Mushaf Al-Madinah An-Nabawiyah: 18
Page 95 and 96: Nicholson has not only introduced t
Page 97 and 98: Chapter SevenTranslation Determinac
Page 99 and 100: leased for and during the term comm
Page 101 and 102: .1 .2 .3By the same token, the tran
Page 103 and 104: A static translation determined by
Page 105 and 106: .( 21,) .TT:I recalled the long cha
Page 107 and 108: prone to various interpretations an
Page 109 and 110: khtar Al-Wakil: "". Hussein
Page 111 and 112: So much do I love wanderingSo much
Page 113: Version 2In your stillness, is ther
Page 117 and 118: Verbal-----commencementyastatii'u r
Page 119 and 120: 8.3. Exemplification8.3.1. English
Page 121 and 122: 8.4. Rendition of English Prepositi
Page 123 and 124: 8.5.1.3. ?ala - Kaana ?ala haqq (He
Page 125 and 126: ()- She will/would keep interruptin
Page 127 and 128: - As- Safi, A.B. (trans).1980. Taha
Page 129 and 130: - Hervey, Sandor and Higgins, Ian.
Page 131 and 132: - Reiss, Katherina. 1977. “Text-t
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