424_2061_A.B.

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PHENOMENAobserved and collectedIn the form ofDatawhose cohesive characteris explained byTHEORYwhich is transmittedin the form of aModelFigure 4: Bell’s Translation Model as a Product of a TheoryAnother example of a model is furnished by Nida (in Bassnett:23) for the translation process:Source LanguageTEXTReceptor LanguageTRANSLATIONANALYSISRESTRUCTURTNGTRTANSFERFigure 5 . Nida’s Model of Translating (= Tr Process)48
Ideally, Bell (p. 27) rightly maintains, a theory mustreflect four characteristics:1. empiricism : it must be testable;2. determinism : it must be able to predict;3. parsimony : it must be simple and economic;4. generality : it must be comprehensive.“A full, inclusive theory of translation,” Holms (in Ibid)maintains, “must accommodate many elements which canserve to explain and predict all phenomena falling withinthe domain of translating (i.e., the process) and translation(i.e., the product), to the exclusion of all phenomena fallingoutside it”. (Bracketing is mine). But instead of one theorywhich caters for both process and product, Bell (p. 26)envisages three types of theories of translation:1.A theory of translation as a process (i.e., a theory oftranslating). This would require a study of informationprocessing and, within that, such topics as (a) perception, (b)memory and (c) the encoding and decoding of messages, andwould draw heavily on psychology and psycholinguistics.2. A theory of translation as a product (i.e., a theory oftranslated texts) This would require a study of texts notmerely by means of the traditional levels oflinguistic analysis (syntax and semantics) but also makinguse of stylistics and recent advances in text-linguistics anddiscourse analysis.3. A theory of translation both process and product (i.e.,a theory of translating and translation). This would requirethe integrated study of both, and such a general theory is,presumably, the long-term goal for translation studies.To the third type, i.e., process and product, we add anessential intermediary element between the process and49
Page 1 and 2: Translation Theories, StrategiesAnd
Page 3 and 4: ContentsPagePreface……………
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.2. Syntactic Modification Strat
Page 7 and 8: PrefaceIt is perhaps axiomatic to s
Page 9 and 10: Chapter OnePreliminaries: Definitio
Page 11 and 12: the target text we distinguish betw
Page 13 and 14: content. The second type deems the
Page 15 and 16: features and different accents, qui
Page 17 and 18: oadcasting station dar al-idaaahere
Page 19 and 20: On the other hand, monolingual audi
Page 21 and 22: 2.1.The First PeriodThis period sta
Page 23 and 24: French humanist Etienne Dolet who h
Page 25 and 26: This contemporary period has witnes
Page 27 and 28: -representation. These systems requ
Page 29 and 30: Chapter ThreeTranslation Theories:
Page 31 and 32: is the ‘first systematic investig
Page 33 and 34: can be justified on this basis.”
Page 35 and 36: 3..4.1.1. Informative: It is concer
Page 37 and 38: ehaviournon-intentionalintentional
Page 39 and 40: 3.5 . Sociolinguistic TheoriesThese
Page 41 and 42: TT into line with a particular mode
Page 43 and 44: SL AuthorTL ReaderSL Encoder Gramma
Page 45 and 46: two languages are never identical i
Page 47: comes Webster’s definition of ‘
Page 51 and 52: equivalence in the target language
Page 53 and 54: to be very tactful and eclectic in
Page 55 and 56: in which the original text undergoe
Page 57 and 58: the Arabic emphatic devices such as
Page 59 and 60: than stock market. Anani has replac
Page 61 and 62: African countries. She coaches the
Page 63 and 64: 4.2.6. Paraphrasing StrategyContrar
Page 65 and 66: Part TwoBasic Theoretical Issues65
Page 67 and 68: the native speakers of the two lang
Page 69 and 70: NiL or zero equivalence wherein the
Page 71 and 72: ‘dress the child’. To ‘dress
Page 73 and 74: The above collocations obviously po
Page 75 and 76: Chapter SixTranslation Loss and Gai
Page 77 and 78: 6.1.1.2. Levels of Loss6.1.1.2.1. M
Page 79 and 80: - Then which of the favours 5180Of
Page 81 and 82: improbable (unlikely to happen) and
Page 83 and 84: - If Allah willed, He could destroy
Page 85 and 86: - As for those who reject faith, I
Page 87 and 88: 6.1.1.2.3. Semantic LevelThis kind
Page 89 and 90: ecurrent coordinator wa which recu
Page 91 and 92: According to At-Tabari and Ibn Kath
Page 93 and 94: (Mushaf Al-Madinah An-Nabawiyah: 18
Page 95 and 96: Nicholson has not only introduced t
Page 97 and 98: Chapter SevenTranslation Determinac
Page 99 and 100:
leased for and during the term comm
Page 101 and 102:
.1 .2 .3By the same token, the tran
Page 103 and 104:
A static translation determined by
Page 105 and 106:
.( 21,) .TT:I recalled the long cha
Page 107 and 108:
prone to various interpretations an
Page 109 and 110:
khtar Al-Wakil: "". Hussein
Page 111 and 112:
So much do I love wanderingSo much
Page 113 and 114:
Version 2In your stillness, is ther
Page 115 and 116:
Word-for-word translation do not fi
Page 117 and 118:
Verbal-----commencementyastatii'u r
Page 119 and 120:
8.3. Exemplification8.3.1. English
Page 121 and 122:
8.4. Rendition of English Prepositi
Page 123 and 124:
8.5.1.3. ?ala - Kaana ?ala haqq (He
Page 125 and 126:
()- She will/would keep interruptin
Page 127 and 128:
- As- Safi, A.B. (trans).1980. Taha
Page 129 and 130:
- Hervey, Sandor and Higgins, Ian.
Page 131 and 132:
- Reiss, Katherina. 1977. “Text-t
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