424_2061_A.B.

(2000:118, in Munday,2001:109) is a system in the way that:1. the TL selects works for translation;2. translation norms, behaviour and policies are influencedby other co-systems.Polysystem theory also offers three insights into translation(Baker, 2005: 178):1. It is more profitable to view translation as one specificinstance of the more general phenomena of inter-systemictransfer.2. Instead of limiting the discussion to the nature of theequivalence between ST and TT, the translation scholar isfree to focus on the TT as an entity existing in the targetpolysystem. The approach to translation would accordinglybe target-oriented, aiming at investigating the nature of theTT in terms of the features which distinguish it from othertexts originating within a particular system. Furthermore,TTs cease to be viewed as isolated phenomena, but arerather thought of as manifestations of general translationprocedures which are currently prevalent in the targetpolysystem.3. The TT is not simply the product of selections from sets ofready-made linguistic options, instead shaped by systemicconstraints of a variety of types of language structure inaddition to genre and literary taste.3.6.2. Manipulation TheoryThis theory is adopted by a group of scholars associatedwith a particular approach to the translation of literature, andto what is known as ‘Manipulation School’ and also as the‘Descriptive, Empirical or Systemic School (Hermans, 1995:-217 in Shuttleworth: 101-102). According to this theory,translation implies a degree of manipulation of the ST for acertain purpose, because the translation process brings the40