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- 8.1. Lexicalization:To lexicalize a notion, according to Quirk, et aI, (1985: 1526) is"in lay terms, we now have a word for it." By the same token,to lexicalize a SL preposition is to have a lexical item, a contentword, as an 'equivalent' or more accurately as a 'correspondent'in the TL. Lexicalization, be it optional or obligatory, rendersthe meaning of an expression more explicit, or as Lyonselucidates: "it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions arelexicalized, rather than grammaticalized, that what is expressedis explicit." (Lyons, 1995:193).8.2. ModalizationAnalogous to lexicalization, modalization simply refers to theuse of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition. Obviously,modality can be expressed by different parts of speech. Theverbal forms of modality in English include auxiliaries such aswill, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need aswell as finites such as allow, permit etc. In Arabic too, theverbal forms of modality include auxiliaries such as verbs of"proximation and commencement" likekaada , awshaka , .shara'a , ja'ala akhadha , qaama ,P1.9, as well as finites such asyajuuzu , yastatii'u (may) (be able to, can) etc.The non-verbal forms of modality in English include adjectivessuch as probable, possible, certain, adverbs such as probably,ertainly; and nouns such as probability, possibility, certaintyin clauses such as "it is probable/ possible" or a probability/possibility, or "it is certain! a certainty". In Arabic, too, it canbe realized by adverbs such as abadan (absolutely) particlessuch as qad(may) or qat (never) or a preposition such ala or llaam ,Pill!. The following diagram displaysmodality in English and Arabic.
Verbal-----commencementyastatii'u realizedModality -----could, etc.Modal AuxableNon-verbal ------------ ArEng: will, would, can,ArAr:proximationyajuuzu,Finite be allowed, beEngAdvParticleprepositionadvadjnoun
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Translation Theories, StrategiesAnd
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ContentsPagePreface……………
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4.2.2. Syntactic Modification Strat
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PrefaceIt is perhaps axiomatic to s
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Chapter OnePreliminaries: Definitio
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the target text we distinguish betw
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content. The second type deems the
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features and different accents, qui
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oadcasting station dar al-idaaahere
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On the other hand, monolingual audi
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2.1.The First PeriodThis period sta
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French humanist Etienne Dolet who h
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This contemporary period has witnes
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-representation. These systems requ
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Chapter ThreeTranslation Theories:
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is the ‘first systematic investig
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can be justified on this basis.”
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3..4.1.1. Informative: It is concer
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ehaviournon-intentionalintentional
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3.5 . Sociolinguistic TheoriesThese
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TT into line with a particular mode
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SL AuthorTL ReaderSL Encoder Gramma
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two languages are never identical i
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comes Webster’s definition of ‘
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Ideally, Bell (p. 27) rightly maint
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equivalence in the target language
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to be very tactful and eclectic in
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in which the original text undergoe
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the Arabic emphatic devices such as
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than stock market. Anani has replac
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African countries. She coaches the
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4.2.6. Paraphrasing StrategyContrar
Page 65 and 66: Part TwoBasic Theoretical Issues65
Page 67 and 68: the native speakers of the two lang
Page 69 and 70: NiL or zero equivalence wherein the
Page 71 and 72: ‘dress the child’. To ‘dress
Page 73 and 74: The above collocations obviously po
Page 75 and 76: Chapter SixTranslation Loss and Gai
Page 77 and 78: 6.1.1.2. Levels of Loss6.1.1.2.1. M
Page 79 and 80: - Then which of the favours 5180Of
Page 81 and 82: improbable (unlikely to happen) and
Page 83 and 84: - If Allah willed, He could destroy
Page 85 and 86: - As for those who reject faith, I
Page 87 and 88: 6.1.1.2.3. Semantic LevelThis kind
Page 89 and 90: ecurrent coordinator wa which recu
Page 91 and 92: According to At-Tabari and Ibn Kath
Page 93 and 94: (Mushaf Al-Madinah An-Nabawiyah: 18
Page 95 and 96: Nicholson has not only introduced t
Page 97 and 98: Chapter SevenTranslation Determinac
Page 99 and 100: leased for and during the term comm
Page 101 and 102: .1 .2 .3By the same token, the tran
Page 103 and 104: A static translation determined by
Page 105 and 106: .( 21,) .TT:I recalled the long cha
Page 107 and 108: prone to various interpretations an
Page 109 and 110: khtar Al-Wakil: "". Hussein
Page 111 and 112: So much do I love wanderingSo much
Page 113 and 114: Version 2In your stillness, is ther
Page 115: Word-for-word translation do not fi
Page 119 and 120: 8.3. Exemplification8.3.1. English
Page 121 and 122: 8.4. Rendition of English Prepositi
Page 123 and 124: 8.5.1.3. ?ala - Kaana ?ala haqq (He
Page 125 and 126: ()- She will/would keep interruptin
Page 127 and 128: - As- Safi, A.B. (trans).1980. Taha
Page 129 and 130: - Hervey, Sandor and Higgins, Ian.
Page 131 and 132: - Reiss, Katherina. 1977. “Text-t
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