424_2061_A.B.

can be justified on this basis.” Nida (1976:75) suggests athree-stage model of the translation process. In this model,ST surface elements (grammar, meaning, connotations)are analyzed as linguistic kernel structures that can betransferred to the TL and restructured to form TL surfaceelements. His linguistic approach basically bears similaritywith Chomsky’s theory of syntax and transformationalgenerative grammar.Pertinent to linguistic theories is Newmark’s binaryclassification of translation into semantic andcommunicative, which somehow resembles Nida’s formaland dynamic equivalence. “Communicative translation,”Newmark (1981:39) states, “attempts to produce on itsreaders an effect as close as possible to that obtained on theoriginal. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closelyas the semantic and syntactic structures of the secondlanguage allow, the exact contextual meaning of theoriginal. These two approaches can best be illustrated inthe following figure (Newmark,1981: 39):ST BIASLITERALTT BIASFREEFAITHFULIDIOMATICSEMANTIC / COMMUNICATIVEFigure 1 : Newmark’s Two Approaches to Translation33