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PrefaceIt is perhaps axiomatic to say that translation is as oldas language, for the different language communitiesrenders translation mandatory for their interaction. Withtranslation as an indispensable activity there emergeddiverse theories and theoretical reflections to guide it. Thisdiversity stems from the diverse perspectives andapproaches to translation with corollary of a plethora ofdefinitions, types and theories scanned in the first threechapters of Part One. Historically, translation theoriesbegan with the Romans, but they have undergone fourperiods as proposed by George Steiner and surveyed inChapter Two. Chapter Three furnishes a plethora ofancient and recent theories and models generated fromthese theories Part Two is devoted to translationequivalence, translation/interpreting strategies and theirapplication in English/ Arabic translations and certain basicrelevant issues such as translation loss and gain,determinacy and indeterminacy, and modalization andlexicalization in Arabic – English translation.It is sincerely hoped that the students and othersspecialized or interested in translation will benefit from thepresent book, the writing of which has actually beenmotivated by MA students in the postgraduate translation