Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Implementation ...

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128have accepted. But even at that success rate, it appears that TTW provides a low netfinancial incentive to ENs because the payment streams have been relatively small even forthe more successful ENs.Looking to the future and assuming no changes to the payment systems, it would take alarge change in beneficiary behavior for ENs to overcome the deficit we observed in the firsttwo years of experience. More specifically, ENs will not be able to break even unless theycan generate payments for many more of the beneficiaries they serve and generate morepayments from those beneficiaries. For example, we estimate that each beneficiary whoassigns a Ticket would have to generate 10 to 22 payments. To see the magnitude of therequired change, it is important to consider that beneficiaries who assigned their Ticketsduring the first year of TTW generated an average of only 0.86 payments in the 24 monthsfollowing assignment. In other words, fewer than 15 percent of all beneficiaries generatedany payment in the first two years after assignment; of those generating payments, theyaccounted for only about 16 payments each during the first two years.We cannot be certain whether changes of the required magnitude are feasible. Suchchanges seem unlikely based on the early experience with TTW whereby the proportion ofbeneficiaries generating payments declined during the two years following assignment.Nevertheless, there is evidence from the SVRA system that it can take 26 months or more ofassistance before many beneficiaries earn enough to move to zero-benefit status. Therefore,given that the data in this analysis reflect only the 24 months after assignment, it is possiblethat ENs may see some gains in the future.A. FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING EN COSTS AND REVENUESWe assigned dollar values to the activities that ENs typically perform in servingbeneficiaries (Figure VIII.1) and compared the costs we estimated with the actual revenueswe observed for beneficiaries who assigned their Ticket to an EN during the first year ofTTW rollout.EN costs stem from the five major activities shown in Figure VIII.1: (1) outreach, (2)intake, (3) initial services, (4) follow-up services, and (5) payment tracking. Outreach coversefforts to generate a flow of potentially interested clients. At the simplest level, outreachactivities may be just answering telephone calls from beneficiaries who receive Tickets andwant more information. Beyond that, ENs may develop a Web site, make presentations togroups that include or advise beneficiaries, or work with their SVRA or other possiblereferral sources. While specific outreach activities vary considerably from one EN to thenext, our general sense from the 29 ENs we interviewed is that no more than half of thebeneficiaries contacted through any of these efforts will express a concrete interest inassigning their Tickets to the EN. 22 The EN interviews are described in detail in Chapter V.VIII: EN Cost and Revenue
129Figure VIII.1. Summary of Core EN Activities in Ticket to WorkOutreach• General outreach• Respond to inquiries• Beneficiary educationIntake• Assessment• Eligibility determination• Create individual work plan• Register TicketBeneficiary assigns Ticket to an ENInitial Services• Employment and training services• Placement• CounselingBeneficiaries work at sufficientlevels to generate first paymentFollow-Up Services• Ongoing EN support to helpbeneficiaries maintain employmentPayment Tracking• EN collects beneficiary pay stubsand submits TTW paymentrequestsEN receives payment(s)VIII: EN Cost and Revenue
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A CKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Ticket To Work
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viiiChapterVI(CONTINUED)PageF. SUMM
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xChapterPageAPPENDIX A: TICKET TO W
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xiiTableVIII.3IX.1IX.2IX.3IX.4IX.5I
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xivFigureIII.5III.6III.7III.8III.9P
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xviIX.3EARNINGS OF BENEFICIARIES WI
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xviiiMIENBSNPRMOAGPABSSPSUSGASSASSI
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xxIn Phase 3, which began in Novemb
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xxiigroups of beneficiaries that Co
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xxivimprove TTW, therefore, is to f
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2of disability beneficiaries, and i
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4country. Phase 2 began in November
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Page Is Intentionally Left Blank to
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8Only a few beneficiary characteris
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10Figure II.2.Participation Rate, b
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12Figure II.4.First Assignments at
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14before Ticket, it is perhaps surp
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16was selected for Phase 3. This ma
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18All of the statistics in this sec
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Table II.2. Beneficiary Groups with
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22In all Phase 1 and Phase 2 states
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24Figure II.8. Ticket Participation
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26Adjustments for all other charact
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28In general, provider and payment
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30next report, we will conduct more
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32Figure III.2.Living Arrangements
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34• Less likely to have reported
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36Figure III.7.Prevalence of Diffic
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38are more likely than all benefici
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40Table III.1.Income and Program Pa
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42coverage through their own employ
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44sizable percentage of TTW partici
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46Overall, 9 percent of working-age
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48leave the rolls in the next year,
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50next year and in the next five ye
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52in their characteristics, levels
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54percentage points to 3.7 percent.
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56Figure IV.2. Phase 1 Ticket Recip
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58situation described in the preced
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60the end of the follow-up period w
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62Figure IV.6. Average Monthly Bene
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66ENs were reluctant to expand serv
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68As of July 2004, there were about
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70But most EN representatives saw T
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72Figure V.2. Number of EN Terminat
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74received a total of just about $2
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76Relatively few ENs have received
Page 102 and 103: 78According to their representative
Page 104 and 105: 80Five EN officials recognized that
Page 106 and 107: 82This was particularly true for so
Page 108 and 109: 84• Another EN representative fou
Page 110 and 111: 86• A third EN received 50 calls
Page 112 and 113: 88resolve administrative issues suc
Page 114 and 115: 90• Raise payments for SSI benefi
Page 116 and 117: 92Finally, the real and perceived w
Page 118 and 119: 94efforts to obtain Ticket assignme
Page 120 and 121: 96SSA payments to SVRAs under the T
Page 122 and 123: 98Figure VI.3. Total SSA Payments t
Page 124 and 125: 100assigning their Tickets to ENs (
Page 126 and 127: 102Table VI.1. SVRA Ticket Assignme
Page 128 and 129: 104case, the counselor selects the
Page 130 and 131: 106• Most of the agreements requi
Page 132 and 133: 108needs of SSA beneficiaries and,
Page 134 and 135: 110to the SVRA under the traditiona
Page 136 and 137: 112Tickets each month from November
Page 138 and 139: 114about submitting virtually ident
Page 140 and 141: 116To make EN recruiting efforts mo
Page 142 and 143: 118E. EN ENROLLMENTThe Program Mana
Page 144 and 145: 120beneficiaries who have achieved
Page 146 and 147: 122quarterly basis if they have rec
Page 148 and 149: 124SSA’s approval of systems spec
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Page 154 and 155: 130For beneficiaries who express an
Page 156 and 157: 132rehabilitation counselors (Burea
Page 158 and 159: 134generated a payment to an EN gen
Page 160 and 161: 136the milestone-outcome payment ge
Page 162 and 163: 138system is used so infrequently t
Page 164 and 165: 140One option is for ENs to try to
Page 166 and 167: 142approximations. Our planned anal
Page 168 and 169: 144Figure IX.1. Ticket-Eligible Ben
Page 170 and 171: 146Table IX.2.TTW Participation Rat
Page 172 and 173: 148Figure IX.3. Earnings of Benefic
Page 174 and 175: 150Compared with other beneficiarie
Page 176 and 177: 152Like all other beneficiaries who
Page 178 and 179: This kind of mixed success in the e
Page 180 and 181: C. SVRA PARTICIPATION REMAINS STRON
Page 182 and 183: serving beneficiaries who are simil
Page 184 and 185: observe changes in their employment
Page 188 and 189: Mashaw, Jerry L., and Virginia P. R
Page 190 and 191: A-2Table A.1 (continued)Time Period
Page 194 and 195: Table B.1. DefinitionsB-2Variable D
Page 196 and 197: Table B.1 (continued)B-4Variable De
Page 198 and 199: Table B.1 (continued)Variable Defin
Page 200 and 201: B-8Table B.3. Participation Rate by
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B-10C. PARTICIPATION RATES BY BENEF
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Table B.6. Participation Rates by C
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Table B.6 (continued)Group Definiti
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Table B.6 (continued)B-16Group Defi
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C-2survey. Whenever possible, the i
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C-4given the large number of benefi
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C-6• Young SSI recipients who are
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C-8beneficiary may have had with EN
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C-10Table C.2. Overview of the Nati
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C-12Sample completes (n=1,178) and
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C.14Table C.3 (continued)AllIntervi
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C.16Table C.5. Final Weighted and U
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C.18Table C.7. Sociodemographic Cha
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C.20Table C.9. Health Status (Figur
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C.22Table C.11. Program Participati
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C.24Table C.14. Awareness of TTW (F
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C.26Table C.16. Employment Expectat
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D-2Table D.1. Selected Characterist
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D-4information from two pretest int
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