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94 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtation masters and begged to be taken in. "There are some who were noteven wanted as slaves," wrote Vale, so they "had themselves shackled sothat they would be taken: it seemed less likely that they would be rejectedif already in irons." Added Vasconcellos: "One man surrendered his libertyfor only one gourd of flour to save his life. Others hired themselvesout to work all or part of their lives, others sold their own children."Within three decades at least 90 percent of the region's native people hadbeen destroyed. 122This was, of course, far from the last of it. An unending rhythm ofattack from slaving parties, punctuated by furious epidemic disease episodesbrought by those same slavers, as well as by missionaries, and thenmilitary assault again, became the norm of Brazilian Indian life for mostof the next two centuries. Even when nominally free, the natives werebeing systematically destroyed. Thus, for example, by the 1630s those Indiansstill living in the municipal council of Salvador who were able towork for wages earned on average between one-eighth and one-sixteenthof what black slaves were paid-and often such "wages" were doled outin flour, cloth, and alcohol, if they were paid at all. Frequently they werenot. Even if paid, however, and paid in hard currency, such earnings werefar from sufficient for survival. 123 If there is anything that now seems surprisingin light of all this, it is the extraordinary level of resistance thenatives continued to mount even as they watched their own populationsfalling rapidly toward non-existence. The story of Ajuricaba, heroiceighteenth-century chief of the powerful Manau tribe, who fought ferociouslyto preserve his people from abduction and enslavement-and wholeapt to his own death rather than be captured-is still remembered todayamong Brazilians who care about such things. But, in fact, Ajuricaba wasonly one of many.From the very beginning-from at least that day in 1493 when a "verybeautiful Carib woman" fought off the violent advances of Michele deCuneo, before being thrashed with a rope and then raped by him-thepeople of the Americas resisted. None did so more successfully than theMaya, who combined retreats into the deep jungle cover of the Yucatanlowlands-where, as one historian puts it, the pursuing conquistadors "soonfound themselves adrift in a green expanse of forest without food to eat,souls to convert, or labor to exploit"-with relentless military counterattacksthat finally led to temporary expulsion of the Spanish in 1638. 124And neither did any people resist with more symbolism than the Maya,who made a practice of destroying not only Spanish soldiers but whateverforeign things the Spanish had brought with them-horses, cattle, cats,dogs, trees, and plants.l2 5 In the end, however, the Maya too lost 95 ofevery 100 of their people-a price for their resistance that most outsiders,if they know of it, can hardly hope to comprehend. 126
PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 95By the time the sixteenth century had ended perhaps 200,000 Spaniardshad moved their lives to the Indies, to Mexico, to Central America,and points further to the south. In contrast, by that time, somewhere between60,000,000 and 80,000,000 natives from those lands were dead.Even then, the carnage was not over. 127
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- . - ·-=-~~~~~--HISTORY"A much-ne
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AMERICANHOLOCAUSTThe Conquest of th
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For Florence Evelyn Harwood Stannar
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PROLOGUEIN THE DARKNESS of an early
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PROLOGUExiafter with an epigraph fr
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PROLOGUExiiiHistory for its own sak
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PROLOGUEXVamong indigenous peoples
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.... I ..BEFORE COLUMBUS
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4 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcapital already
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6 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTwas ringed with
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8 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcustoms of the
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10 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTsands of years
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12 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTlatitude for t
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14 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTof apartheid.
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2COMBINED, NORTH AMERICA and South
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 19that archaeologis
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BEFORE COLUMBUS21. But in fact the
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BEFORE COLUMBUSbounty nature had gi
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 25their extraordina
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 27cal and religious
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BEFORE COLUMBUS29legal device. And
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BEFORE COLUMBUSSimilar observations
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BEFORE ·COLUMBUSpassed the limits
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BEFORE COLUMBUSHworld away in each
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 37the most extraord
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BEFORE COLUMBUS39Their cosmology la
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 41most extensive em
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BEFORE COLUMBUSThere were no locks
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BEFORE COLUMBUSpie of the Andes bui
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 47impressed into ro
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 49further south on
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BEFORE COLUMBUS 51rine corrals held
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BEFORE COLUMBUSIndeed, Morgan later
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NATIVE PEOPLESFor 40,000 years, hun
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;.Temple Group at Uaxactun, Guatema
Page 72 and 73: The Gallery of the Mercado, Chichen
Page 74 and 75: "While hunting with some of my comr
Page 76 and 77: The town of Secotan in Virginia, wh
Page 78 and 79: A young Seri Indian woman of southw
Page 80 and 81: A family from an unknown (possibly
Page 82 and 83: A Nez Perce boy from the ColumbiaPl
Page 84 and 85: 4"< .II·PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE
Page 86 and 87: 58 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTsands who live
Page 88 and 89: 60 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTepisode of mas
Page 90 and 91: 62 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthe Inquisitio
Page 92 and 93: 64 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTto know where
Page 94 and 95: 66 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTI certify to y
Page 96 and 97: 68 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTcapital, his t
Page 98 and 99: 70 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthere, in a pl
Page 100 and 101: 72 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST' 'proceeded t
Page 102 and 103: 74 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthey were dism
Page 104 and 105: 76 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTdian allies-at
Page 106 and 107: 78 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTof the Aztec l
Page 108 and 109: 80 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTpeak of the Az
Page 110 and 111: 82 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST95 percent. It
Page 112 and 113: 84 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTdian children
Page 114 and 115: 86 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTico, over a so
Page 116 and 117: 88 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTI would not co
Page 118 and 119: 90 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTish seemed to
Page 120 and 121: 92 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtosf in the An
Page 124 and 125: .4INTHE AREA around the town of Bar
Page 126 and 127: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 99God to be
Page 128 and 129: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 101in Londo
Page 130 and 131: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 103other co
Page 132 and 133: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDElOSfered by
Page 134 and 135: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 107winter o
Page 136 and 137: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 109that one
Page 138 and 139: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 111to carry
Page 140 and 141: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 113mystery,
Page 142 and 143: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 115"little
Page 144 and 145: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 117menting"
Page 146 and 147: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 119atrocity
Page 148 and 149: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 121lowed up
Page 150 and 151: PESTiLENCE AND GENOCIDE 123de Tocqu
Page 152 and 153: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 125had redu
Page 154 and 155: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 127were fir
Page 156 and 157: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 129away as
Page 158 and 159: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 131This, th
Page 160 and 161: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 133take up
Page 162 and 163: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDEHSsailed up
Page 164 and 165: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 137the padr
Page 166 and 167: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 139food pro
Page 168 and 169: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 141answered
Page 170 and 171: PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 143varied "
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PESTILENCE AND GENOCIDE 145the [Ind
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GENOCIDEDuring the course of four c
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"As the Spaniards went with their w
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"The Spanish treated the Indians wi
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"Because he did not give the great
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"With my own eyes I saw Spaniards c
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"In one square of less than half an
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Mass burials followed the carnage.
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In the wake of the carnage, whites
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IIISEX, RACE, AND HOLY WAR
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ISOAMERICAN HOJ.,OCAUSTfueled genoc
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1S2AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTfrom the other
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154 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTto the high M
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156 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTOf course, su
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HSAMERICAN HOLOCAUSTgons of the fai
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160 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTstones, whipp
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162 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTrevealing fas
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164 AMERICAN HOLOCAUST. And neverth
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166 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTthere followe
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168 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTfurther remov
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170 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTdwelling, and
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172 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTwithin even t
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174 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTFrom this per
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176 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtected the re
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178 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSToverhead in A
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180 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTIf not wiped
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182 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTeconomy. But
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184 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTficial, conte
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186 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTleashed-and t
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188 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTtion criticis
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190 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTfor what happ
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192 AMERICAN HOLOCAUSTknown. And, a
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS VIEWED himself
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 197disciplin
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 199informati
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 201religion.
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 203tainly sp
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 205not need
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 207appearanc
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 209In ancien
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 211contended
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 213tive raci
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 215the littl
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 217century F
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 219pean epid
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 221neither d
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 223ing the i
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 225regated e
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 227in the Gr
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 229beings an
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 231serves Sl
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR2Hthe British
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 235uum domic
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 237indenture
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 239fronted b
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 241beasts wh
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 243inner pro
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SEX, RACE AND HOLY WAR 245Two decad
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EPILOGUEIt is unlikely to have esca
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EPILOGUE 249still were human-and it
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EPILOGUE2Slunaware of the racism on
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EPILOGUE 253using screwdrivers to k
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EPILOGUE 255Indeed, it is insuffici
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EPILOGUE 257Ridge in South Dakota a
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APPENDIXES
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262 APPENDIX ISkeptics remained unc
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264 APPENDIX Ipassable by foot even
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266 APPENDIX Ihad to carry out at l
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268 APPENDIX Ibest estimate for the
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270 APPENDIX IIing her infant throw
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272 APPENDIX IIanimality and a pecu
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274 APPENDIX IIfirst of these is hi
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276 APPENDIX IIcomplex forms of rac
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278 APPENDIX IIearly years of settl
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280 APPENDIX IIUNITED NATIONS CONVE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDuring the course of
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NOTESPrologue1. The official Americ
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NOTES 287involvement in and support
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NOTES 28923. Francis Jennings, The
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NOTES 291Longacre, ed., Reconstruct
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NOTES 29344. Robert Silverberg, Mou
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NOTES 29571. For this and more see
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NOTES 297Gerald R. Clark, "A Late P
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NOTES 299in Western Europe from Lat
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NOTES 301in a symposium on that boo
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NOTES 303Bureau of Labor Statistics
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NOTES 305121. Ibid., p. 143. See al
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NOTES 307Principal Navigations, Voy
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NOTES 309one-third; see William H.
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NOTESHl81. Leach, Flintlock and Tom
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NOTESH3Western Oregon," Ethnohistor
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NOTES 315145. Cook, Indian versus t
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NOTES 317people killed in the Holoc
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NOTES 319bridge: Cambridge Universi
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NOTES ~2146. Quoted in Couliano, Er
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NOTES 323bridge University Press, 1
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NOTES32SMediterranean and the Medit
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NOTES 32725. Robert L. O'Connell, O
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NOTES 32960. Quoted in Todorov, Con
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NOTES 331White Man to Redskin: Chan
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NOTESH3113. See Schlatter, Private
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NOTES~eal E. Salisbury, "Red Purita
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NOTES 337The toll in Soviet militar
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NOTES 339cide in New Mexico, 1957-1
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INDEXAbenaki Indians, 118Acaxee peo
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INDEX 349Chaco Canyon, 25Chadwick,
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INDEX 351Golovnin, V.M., 138Gomara,
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INDEXLifton, Robert Jay, 246Lillooc
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INDEXH5Pennacook Indians, 28Penning
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INDEX 357Thirty Years War, 225Thoma
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